Introduction
⌅The soil-tillage tool interaction is characterized by two phenomena: forces arisen in soil-tillage tool interfase (draft, lateral and vertical forces) and displacement of soil particles (Ani et al., 2014ANI, A.O.; UZOEJINWA, B.B.; EZEAMA, O.A.; UGWU, S.N.; OHAGWU, C.J.; ODIGBOH, E.U.: “Soil Bin Facility for Soil-machine Interaction Studies”, En: Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO) Nigeria Symposium, Akure, November 3 - 6, Nsukka, Nigeria, pp. 110 - 124, 2014.).
An important part of researches related with soil-tillage tool interaction has focused on to development of simulation models to predict the cutting forces under different conditions of soil (Torotwa et al., 2022TOROTWA, I.; QISHUO DING; JOSEPH ODERO ALELE and RUIYIN, HE. “3D FE analysis of the tillage and straw cutting performance of a curved-edged toothed disc”. Scientific Paper Eng. agríc. (Online) 42 (2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430. (2022).), tool geometry and operation parameters (Lamia et al., 2020LAMIA, A. A. D., EL-HADDAD, Z. A. and AFIFY M. T. “Modeling the Effect of Soil-Tool Interaction on Draft Force Using Visual Basic”. Annals of Agric. Sci. 123 Moshtohor. Vol. 58(2), p. 223 - 232. ISSN 1110-041. https://assjm.journals.ekb.eg. (2020).; Kuře et al., 2021KUŘE, J.; M. LINDA; R. CHOTĚBORSKÝ; B. ŢERNILOVÁ and M. HROMASOVÁ. “DEM modelling of tillage tools in sand and verification of draft forces in the soil box”. Agronomy Research 19(4), 1813-1822. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.21.147 (2021).; Workesa y Alemu, 2021WORKESA, DULA. M. and DEREJE ALEMU ANAWUTE. “Design of subsoiler for deep tillage operation of compacted soil due to heavy duty agricultural machinery traffic on the field”. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology. Vol.4, Iss.1, Pages 30-50, January-March. (2021).; Marín et al., 2020MARÍN, C.L.O.; GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL, C.A.; RODRÌGUEZ M, A. "Effect of the Geometry of the Arm of a Vibratory Scarifier". Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, ISSN -1010-2760, E-ISSN: 2071-0054, Vol. 29. No. 2 (April-May-June, pp. 5-14), 2020., 2021MARÍN C., L. O.; GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL C., A. E. y MARTÍNEZ R., A. “Effect of Vibrations and Operational Parameters in Frequency and Amplitude of a Vibratory Subsoiler”. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, ISSN -1010-2760, E-ISSN: 2071-0054, Vol. 30. No. 2 (april-may-june, pp. 23-36), 2021. y 2023MARÍN C., L. O.; GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL C., A. E. y MARTÍNEZ R., A. Influencia de la velocidad de avance en las fuerzas de corte de un subsolador vibratorio. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias. Vol. 32, No. 1. (2023).), impact of agricultural machinery in soil compaction (Mileusnić et al., 2022MILEUSNIĆ, Z.; ELMIRA SALJNIKOV; RADE L. RADOJEVIĆ and DRAGAN V. PETROVIĆ. “Soil compaction due to agricultural machinery impact”. Journal of Terramechanics,Volume 100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2021.12.002. Pages 51-60 (2022).).
The Finite Element Method (FEM) has been utilized to a great extent at international level in the soil-tillage tool interaction, because of its potential to describe it in three dimensions (Marín et al., 2019MARÍN, C.L.O.; GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL, C.A.: “Model of Soil-TillageTool Interaction Using Finite Element Method”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 28(4), 2019, ISSN: 1010-2760, e-ISSN: 2071-0054.).
For the soil-tillage tool interaction by FEM has been realized several researches at international level, namely Abu Hamdeh y Reeder (2003); Armin et al. (2016)ARMIN, A.; SZYSZKOWSKI, W.; FOTOUHI, R.: “3D Finite Element Analysis of Curved Blade’s Mechanics in Farming Tillage Operations”, En: World Congress on Engineering 2016 Vol II WCE 2016, June 29 - July 1, London, U.K., 2016.; He et al. (2016)HE, C.; YOU, Y.; WANG, D.; WANG, G.; LU, D.; KAJI, M.J.: “The effect of tine geometry during vertical movement on soil penetration resistance using finite element analysis”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 130: 97-108, 2016, ISSN: 0168-1699., to aim develop models, in two or three dimensions, both linear and no linear; elastic, plastic and elastoplastic models, for predict the soil efforts on tillage tool, the geometry influence in cutting forces, as well as the energy consumption of tillage tools.
For the agricultural soils of Cuba, mainly clay soils, the researches involving simulation models of soil tillage-tool interaction by FEM for disc plough and winged subsoilers for this type of soil scarcely exist. The researches have been realized mainly for sand soils and for other numerical methods.
The aim of this work is develop tridimensional simulation models of soil-tillage tool interaction process, permitting the analyses of tillage tool movement crossing the soil, distribution and magnitude of stresses and strains, as well as the cutting forces.
Materials and Methods
⌅Soil model
⌅In the present work the soil-tillage tool interaction is modeled by the yield Drucker-Prager linear function, which may be expressed as:
Where: σ1, σ2, σ3 -are the principal efforts t, is the deviatory effort and can be calculated by:
K: is the ratio of the yield stress to the compression yield stress in triaxial test, calculated as:
Where: φ is the internal friction angle of soil p is the normal effort acting on the soil, defined as:
β lifting angle referred commonly to material internal friction angle in the Drucker˗Prager model (Figure 1) and may be calculated as:
Q is the Von Misses equivalent stresses, expressed by:
r 3 is the third invariant of deviatory efforts
The cohesion d, when the hardening is defined by the same, is calculated as:
Soil properties
⌅The soil was classified as red Ferralitic, according to Second Genetic Classification of Soils in Cuba (Hernández et al., 1975HERNÁNDEZ, A.; PÉREZ, J.M.; ASCANIO, O.; ORTEGA, F.; ÁVILA, L.; CÁRDENAS, A.; MARRERO, A.: “II Clasificación genética de los suelos de Cuba”, Revista Agricultura, 8(1): 47-69, 1975.), as Oxisol (Cid et al., 2011CID, L.G.; LÓPEZ, T.; GONZÁLEZ, F.; HERRERA, J.; RUIZ, M.E.: “Propiedades físicas de algunos suelos de Cuba y su uso en modelos de simulación”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 20(2): 42-46, 2011, ISSN: 1010-2760, E-ISSN: 2071-0054.), as Rhodic Ferralsol (Hernández et al., 2015HERNÁNDEZ, A.; PÉREZ, J.; BOSCH, D.; CASTRO, N. Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba 2015. edit. Ediciones INCA, Mayabeque, Cuba, 2015, 93 p, Ed. IINCA, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba, 2015, ISBN: 978-959-7023-77-7.). Its density was 1 200 kgm-3, its plasticity ratio was 36, 2% and its organic matter content was 2, 7%. The modulus of elasticity was determined by the slope of a tangential line of a stress- strain curve in straight section. The Poisson rate was determined by the equation:
The cohesion and internal friction angle were determined by the Mohr graphical solution. The Table 1 shows the properties and parameters of soil required by the finite element model.
| Property or parameter | Symbol | Dimension | Font |
|---|---|---|---|
| Friction internal angle | φ | 33º | Herrera et al. (2008)HERRERA, S. M.; C. E. IGLESIAS; O. GONZÁLEZ; E. LÓPEZ y A. L. SÁNCHEZ: Propiedades mecánicas de un Rhodic Ferralsol requeridas para la simulación de la interacción suelo implemento de labranza mediante el Método de Elementos Finitos: Parte I. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 17(3): 31-37, 2008. |
| Modulus of elasticity | E | 44 000 kPa | Herrera et al. (2008)HERRERA, S. M.; C. E. IGLESIAS; O. GONZÁLEZ; E. LÓPEZ y A. L. SÁNCHEZ: Propiedades mecánicas de un Rhodic Ferralsol requeridas para la simulación de la interacción suelo implemento de labranza mediante el Método de Elementos Finitos: Parte I. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 17(3): 31-37, 2008. |
| Shear modulus | G | 15 909 kPa | Herrera et al. (2008)HERRERA, S. M.; C. E. IGLESIAS; O. GONZÁLEZ; E. LÓPEZ y A. L. SÁNCHEZ: Propiedades mecánicas de un Rhodic Ferralsol requeridas para la simulación de la interacción suelo implemento de labranza mediante el Método de Elementos Finitos: Parte I. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 17(3): 31-37, 2008. |
| Poisson ratio | ν | 0.32 | Calculated |
| Cohesion | c | 50 kPa | Herrera et al. (2008)HERRERA, S. M.; C. E. IGLESIAS; O. GONZÁLEZ; E. LÓPEZ y A. L. SÁNCHEZ: Propiedades mecánicas de un Rhodic Ferralsol requeridas para la simulación de la interacción suelo implemento de labranza mediante el Método de Elementos Finitos: Parte I. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 17(3): 31-37, 2008. |
| Shear resistance | τ | 295 kPa | Herrera et al. (2006)HERRERA, S. M. Simulación del comportamiento mecánico de los suelos ferralíticos rojos mediante el método de elementos finitos. 109 pp. Tesis (en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Técnicas Agropecuarias), Departamento de Mecanización Agrícola, Universidad Agraria de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba, 2006. |
| Traction limit of soil | σ t | 20 kPa | García de la Figal (2022)GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL C, A. E. Maquinaria Agrícola II. Apuntes de clases. Tema I. Teoría y cálculo de órganos de preparación de suelos. 1.1. Principales propiedades físico-mecánicas (tecnológicas) de suelos. (2022). |
| Compression limit of soil | σ c | 750 kPa | García de la Figal (2022)GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL C, A. E. Maquinaria Agrícola II. Apuntes de clases. Tema I. Teoría y cálculo de órganos de preparación de suelos. 1.1. Principales propiedades físico-mecánicas (tecnológicas) de suelos. (2022). |
| Soil metal friction angle | ϕ | 25º | Herrera et al. (2006)HERRERA, S. M. Simulación del comportamiento mecánico de los suelos ferralíticos rojos mediante el método de elementos finitos. 109 pp. Tesis (en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Técnicas Agropecuarias), Departamento de Mecanización Agrícola, Universidad Agraria de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba, 2006. |
Finite element models
⌅Two tridimensional simulation models of the soil-tillage tool interaction by finite elements have been developed using the Solid Works design software (Fig. 2). One model, formed by a broad tillage tool (disc plow) and a block soil. The other model, formed by a narrow tillage tool (winged subsoiler with logarithmic shape arm) and a block soil.
In both models, the tillage tool is moving a constant speed. Both block soils are deformable interacting with tillage tools and the assigned dimensions to both models let the adequate volume for simulations.
The growing of the chapped soil prism dimensions beyond the assigned does not affect the cutting forces (Ibrahmi et al., 2014IBRAHMI, A.; BENTAHER, H.; MAALEJ, A.: “Soil-blade orientation effect on tillage forces determined by 3D finite element models”, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 12(4): 941-951, 2014, ISSN: 2171-9292.; Marín et al., 2022MARÍN, C.L.O.; GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL, C.A.; RODRÌGUEZ M, A: “Draft Force Prediction of Narrow Tillage Tool by the Finite Element Method”. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias. Vol. 31. No. 3 july-september 2022.). The soil tool interaction was modeled tangential to the attack surface with contact model surface to surface.
Loads and Boundary Conditions
⌅The boundary conditions for the models were established in function of acting loads.
Over the block soil of disc plow model (Fig. 3a) act the gravity acceleration (9, 81 m·s-2) and the atmospheric pressure (10 1325 Pa). Has moving constrains in below part (Y axis).
The disc plow is moving ahead at constant speed (Vm = 0, 8 ms-1) in axis X direction and turn around moving ahead at constant angular speed, working depth (ae = 100 mm) and working width (b = 358 mm). The block soil dimensions are: width (B = 1200 mm); length (L = 2000 mm); high (H = 1 000 mm).
The disc plow vertical tilt angle (β) is 15º, the disc plow lateral tilt angle is 25º, the diameter is 500 mm and the radius of curvature is 40,3 mm. The material used in manufacturing the disc plow is alloy steel.
Over the block soil of winged subsoiler model (Fig.3b) is acting the gravity acceleration (9, 81 ms-2) and the atmospheric pressure (10 1325 Pa). Has a fixed constrain in the below part.
In lateral surfaces act the soil boundary stresses. The winged subsoiler arm is moving ahead at constant speed Vm = 1, 2 ms-1 (0, 33 kmh-1) in X axis direction, at working depth (ae = 300 mm) and working width (b = 80 mm).
The block soil dimensions are: width (B = 1500 mm); length (L = 2000 mm); high (H = 1000 mm). The material of winged subsoiler arm is carbon steel and the chisel material is alloy steel. The chisel attack angle is 30º. The lateral arrow width (b1) is 900 mm.
The assigned dimensions, both disc plow model and winged subsoiler model, provide enough soil volume to enclose the movement of the same one during it deformation, without over computer time.
Mesh of the finite element models
⌅The general mesh of both models were realized with maximum element size (e) of 20 mm, minimum element size 6 mm and the Newton-Raphson iterative model was used. The surfaces in touch, both tools and cut soil prism were mesh applying mesh control, with element size 4 mm (Fig. 4).
Results and Discussion
⌅The results of the developed tridimensional simulation models provide information about the cutting forces, stresses, strains and displacements, both the block soils and tillage tools. Both models simulated, in appropriate way, the movements of both tillage tools across block soils, at 300 mm of displacement of same one.
Von Misses stresses, displacements and strains
⌅For the disc plow model, the maximum value of von Misses stresses obtained is 206, 5 MPa (Fig. 5) and was met in the inner diameter of the same one. In this area are concentrated the biggest flexure and torque moments. Similar results (222 MPa) were obtained by Dehghan-Hesar & Kalantari (2016)DEHGHAN, H. H. and D. KALANTARI. “Design a biomimetic disc using geometric features of the claws”. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 18(1):103-109, 2016. for a conventional disc plow, with disc plow diameter 300 mm, working depth 70 mm, disc thickness 3 mm and radius of curvature 53 mm. It can be observed that, the cut soil is lifted, pulverized, partially inverted, and displaced to one side (Abu Hamdeh & Reeder, 2003ABU-HAMDEH, N. H. and R. C. REEDER. “A nonlinear 3D FE analysis of the soil forces acting on a disk plow”. Soil & Tillage Research, 74, 115-124, 2003.).
For the winged subsoiler model, the maximum value of von Misses stresses (Fig. 6) is located in the chisel attack surface (79, 65 MPa). In this zone, the stresses values are bigger than tillage tool tip because of the contact area in this zone is big (Marín et al., 2019MARÍN, C.L.O.; GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL, C.A.: “Model of Soil-TillageTool Interaction Using Finite Element Method”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 28(4), 2019, ISSN: 1010-2760, e-ISSN: 2071-0054.), showing also, the attack angle influence in the cutting efforts of tillage tools (Marín, 2023MARÍN, C.L.O. Análisis de la interacción suelo-escarificador vibratorio mediante el método de elementos finitos. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias. Universidad Agraria de la Habana, Facultad de Ciencias Técnicas, Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria, 2023.). Coinciding with other authors in previous researchers (Marín et al., 2022MARÍN, C.L.O.; GARCÍA DE LA FIGAL, C.A.; RODRÌGUEZ M, A: “Draft Force Prediction of Narrow Tillage Tool by the Finite Element Method”. Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias. Vol. 31. No. 3 july-september 2022.; Arefi et al., 2022AREFI, M.; SEYED H. KARPARVARFARD; HADI AZIMI-NEJADIAN and MOJTABA NADERI-BOLDAJI. “Draught force prediction from soil relative density and relative water content for a non-winged chisel blade using FE modeling”. Journal of Terramechanics, Volume 100, Pages 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2022.01.001. (2022). ; Marín, 2023MARÍN, C.L.O. Análisis de la interacción suelo-escarificador vibratorio mediante el método de elementos finitos. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias. Universidad Agraria de la Habana, Facultad de Ciencias Técnicas, Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria, 2023.), it can be observed that, as time goes by the winged subsoiler moving ahead over the soil block, big displacements taking place in all directions, overcoming the soil resistant forces and breaking the soil.
The Von Misses stresses, displacements and strains of disc plow at working depth (ae=100 mm) are showed in the figure 7. The applied force is 0, 9 kN and torque moment is 80 Nm. Of the finite element analyses it can be observed that, the maximum von Misses stresses obtained (206, 48 MPa) not surpass the elastic limit of material used in the manufacturing of same one (620, 4 MPa), thence the disc plow resist the efforts during the working order. Likewise, the maximum values of displacements and strains are unappreciated and not affect in significant way the working of disc plow.
For the winged subsoiler (Fig. 8), the von Misses stresses reach the maximum value (79 MPa) in chisel attack surface. Of the winged subsoiler finite element analyses, it can be observed that, the maximum von Misses stresses obtained not surpass the elastic limit of material, resisting the efforts during it working order. The displacements and strains are unappreciated.
Conclusions
⌅Two tridimensional simulation models of soil-tillage tool interaction, using FEM have been developed, demonstrating the validity of this method in simulate, in appropriate way both models.
The elastoplastic model of Drucker-Prager constitutive relation used in simulation was able to predict the soil behavior interacting with utilized tillage tools.
The values of resulting stresses of both models are similar to other found in previous researches. For the disc plow, the highest stresses values were obtained in the inner diameter of disc plow. For the winged subsoiler, were obtained in the attack surface.
Taking into account the obtained results of numerical simulation by FEM of both models, geometric parameters and operational conditions of the utilized tillage tools, is recommended for future works the experimental validation.