Introduction
⌅Biodigestion technology is the leading anthropogenic technology in the biotechnological process of anaerobic digestion of biomass to obtain biogas. This technology consists of a sealed reactor with a side inlet for organic matter, an outlet at the top through which the biogas flows, and an outlet for obtaining effluents with biofertilizer properties. Both products contribute to meeting the needs of producers and promoting organic agriculture as an economically viable and ecologically sustainable alternative (Zheng et al., 2012ZHENG, Y.; WEI, J.; LI, J.; FENG, S.; LI, Z.; JIANG, G.; LUCAS, M.; WU, G.; NING, T.: “Anaerobic fermentation technology increases biomass energy use efficiency in crop residue utilization and biogas production”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7): 4588-4596, 2012, ISSN: 1364-0321, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.061.2012.; Cortez & Serrano, 2023CORTEZ, M.A.; SERRANO, C.W.: “Diseño de biodigestor casero para producción de biogás y fertilizante”, Revista Multidisciplinaria de Investigación-REMI: 65-71, 2023, ISSN: 3006-7715.).
Anaerobic digestion is a good alternative for treating waste with high levels of biodegradable organic matter (Flotats, 2001FLOTATS, X.: “Digestión anaerobia de purines de cerdo y codigestión con residuos de la industria alimentaria”, Porci; Monografías de actualidad: 65, 2001.; Sosa, 2017SOSA, R.: “Indicadores ambientales de la producción porcina y ganadera”, En: En: VII Seminario Internacional de Porcicultura Tropical, VII Seminario Internacional de Porcicultura Tropical, Instituto de Investigaciones Porcinas, La Habana, Cuba, 2017.). Therefore, this treatment is suitable for agro-industrial wastewater with a high load of biodegradable organic matter: effluents from sugar, alcohol, meat, paper, canning, and distillery production (Rahayu, et al., 2015RAHAYU, A.S.; KARSIWULAN, D.; YUWONO, H.; TRISNAWA, I.; MULYASARI, S.; RAHARDJO, S.: Handbook Pome-to-Biogas, vol. Handbook Pome-to-Biogas. Project development in Indonesia. Jakarta: Winrock International, Indonesia. Jakarta, 2015.; Suárez et al., 2018SUÁREZ, J.; SOSA, R.; MARTÍNEZ, Y.; RIVERA, A.L.; FIGUEREDO, T.; CEPERO, L.: “Evaluación del potencial de producción del biogás en Cuba”, Pastos y Forrajes, 41(2): 1, 2018, ISSN: 2078-8452.); agricultural waste, such as slurry and manure Bansal et al., (2017)BANSAL, V.; TUMWESIGE, V.; SMITH, J.U.: “Water for small‐scale biogas digesters in Sub‐Saharan Africa”, GCB Bioenergy, 9(2): 339-357, 2017, ISSN: 1757-1693.; and municipal solid waste, including both the organic fraction of solid waste Biogas Association (2016)BIOGAS ASSOCIATION: Municipal guide to biogas. Ottawa, Canada, [en línea], Biogas Association, Ottawa, Canada, 2016, Disponible en:https://biogasassociation.ca/resources/municipalguide_tobiogas. and sewage sludge (Frankiewicz, 2015FRANKIEWICZ, T.: People’s Republic of China Urban Municipal Waste and Wastewater Program. Proceeding of “Technology, Process and Evaluation Best Practices for Utilizing Organic and «Kitchen» Waste from the Municipal Solid Waste Stream” Workshop., [en línea], Inst. Workshop. Global Methane Initiative. Ningbo, China, Ningbo, China, 16 p., 2015, Disponible en:http://communitybysesign.co.uk/. ).
In the current context, one of the most feasible ways to prevent increasing environmental pollution is the search for and development of new energy sources (Guardado, 2006GUARDADO, C.J.A.: Manual del Biogás, Editorial CUBASOLAR, 2006.). The only way to ensure a secure energy future is to find an environmentally sustainable way to produce and use energy (Priddle, 1998). It is essential to take advantage of renewable energy sources. This implies better use of local resources and the application of appropriate technologies that contribute to saving conventional fuel, returning nutrients to the soil, and preserving the environment (Santos et al., 2011SANTOS, A.I.; MEDINA, M.N.; MACHADO, M.Y.; MARTIN, S.T.: “La educación agropecuaria en la escuela cubana actual”, 2011.).
To these aspects, we must add the high prices of fuels and the high local electricity rates, factors to consider for the introduction of biodigesters or biogas plants that produce energy from agricultural waste (Parra et al., 2019PARRA, D.L.; BOTEROO, M.A.; BOTERO, J.M.: “Biomasa residual pecuaria: revisión sobre la digestión anaerobia como método de producción de energía y otros subproductos”, Revista UIS Ingenierías, 18(1): 149-160, 2019, ISSN: 2145-8456.).
The functioning of biodigestion technology will depend largely on the type and quality of the biomass, a term that refers to all organic matter generated from photosynthesis or produced by the food chain. And as raw material for recycling processes: it originates from freshly expelled feces and urine (animal excrement), which are made up of the leftover digested food not used by the organism, plus waste such as bedding, food scraps, or other added material (Grundey, 1982GRUNDEY, K.: Tratamiento de los residuos agrícolas y ganaderos, Ed. Ediciones GEA Barcelona, Barcelona, España, 278-280 p., 1982, ISBN: 84-7287-025-1.).
Based on the criteria described above, the “Humberto Hernández” Agricultural Production Cooperative (APC), located in Güines, Mayabeque Province, Cuba, required the design of a homemade biodigester to produce biogas for cooking and to obtain biofertilizers. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the dimensions and energy potential of using this technology in that production system.
Materials and methods
⌅Scenario Characterization
⌅The “Humberto Hernández” Agricultural Production Cooperative (APC) is located in the municipality of Güines, Mayabeque province, Cuba, and has a total area of 1,030 hectares. These lands are dedicated to sugarcane production, various crops (grains, root vegetables, greens, and fruit), and include grazing areas and other areas designated for forage production. This cooperative also develops livestock production: pigs, cattle, sheep and goats, poultry, and rabbits.
This APC, situated on a plain with unique morphological and morphometric characteristics, has a gentle slope and karst influence, with an elevation ranging from 5 to 31 meters above sea level.
The predominant soils in this APC are Brown soils with carbonates (41.5%), Red Rendzinas (25.1%), and, to a lesser extent, Vertisols and Alluvial soils. The first two occupy 66.6% of the cultivated sugarcane soils in the cooperative, being present in the highest areas with slopes reaching 2 to 3% and the most extensive plains of the entity. (According to the soil map (1/25000).
Vertisols are located to the south and east of the APC. The existing subtypes are typical and therefore soils with poor drainage, occupying a total of 18.37%. Alluvial soils occupy the smallest area (15.03%), and their subtypes are typical and differentiated. They are located to the west of the APC and on the banks of the straightened Mayabeque River, which borders the APC from north to south, and to a lesser extent on the banks of waterways that feed into or branch off from the Mayabeque, such as the Agua Emulos River and the Zanja Amarilla (Hernández et al., 2019HERNÁNDEZ, A.; PÉREZ, J.M.; BOSCH, D.; SPECK, N.C.: “La clasificación de suelos de Cuba: énfasis en la versión de 2015”, Cultivos tropicales, 40(1), 2019, ISSN: 0258-5936.).
For the design of the biodigestion technology to process the workers' food and obtain effluent from the system for agricultural work, a study was conducted of the materials and resources available at the APC itself, as well as the demand for Biogas for the intended purpose: Based on these elements, a biogas technology proposal was developed that would be most feasible according to the entity's conditions and budget.
Methodology for Biodigester Sizing
⌅To calculate the design parameters of a homemade biodigester, it is necessary to know the input data and the parameters that must be determined (Table 1).
The daily amount of material (Bmd) is directly related to the amount of biomass generated, whether domestic, agricultural, or animal waste. In addition, the maximum yield and production increase plans must be taken into account.
| Parameters | Unit |
|---|---|
| Input data | |
| Daily biomass generation (Bmd) | kg day-1 |
| Excreta-water ratio (N) | L kg-1 |
| Biogas yield (Y) | m3 kg-1 |
| Hydraulic retention time (HRT) | día |
| Output data | |
| Daily volume of material (manure and water mixture) (Vdm) | kg day-1 |
| Volume of the biodigester, (Vbiodig) | m3 |
| Volume of the fermentation chamber, (Vcf) | m3 |
| Volume of the cylinder, (V1) | m3 |
| Volume of the biogas containment (V_2) | m3 |
| Volume of the compensation tank (Vtc) | m3 |
The amount of daily biomass generated (Bmd) is determined through the following expression:
here: Ca- Number of animals; Ce- Amount of excreta per animal, kg/day; Rp- Ratio between the average live weight of the animal population and the tabulated equivalent live weight; Rt- Fraction between the time of stabling with respect to the duration of the day, h/day.
Where: PVp-Average live weight of the animal population, kg; PVe- Tabulated live weight equivalent; Te-Hours of the day that the animal remains stabled, h/day
The daily volume of material (manure and water mixture) (Vdm), is nothing more than the sum of the residual and the dilution of the biomass (residual and water).
Where: N: Excreta-water ratio, L/kg. It is required to know that the density of water is 1000 kg/m³.
Meanwhile, the biodigester volume (Vbiodig) is calculated taking into account the volume of material (manure and water mixture) Vdm entering the biodigester and the retention time (TRH).
Once the biodigester volume is predetermined, the design volume is calculated, with two possible scenarios:
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Treating all the waste and obtaining the resulting byproducts.
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Treating only the portion of the waste that guarantees the required energy.
The fundamental expressions used for sizing a homemade biodigester (characterized by its three main parts: anaerobic fermentation chamber, biogas containment chamber, and compensation chamber (effluent outlet)) are presented below.
The steps to follow for their use are:
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The total volume of the biodigester (V_biodig) is calculated based on the volume of the water-manure mixture and the retention time, as shown in equation 4 .
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Subsequently, the daily volume of biogas (G) produced is calculated:
where: Y - Biogas yield, m3. kg-1
The biogas yield (Y) is determined by the expression:
Where: X - energy conversion coefficient of the excreta produced daily, i.e., the daily biogas production based on the type of organic waste, m³/day.
For all types of biodigesters, the volume of the compensation tank (Vtc) is equivalent to the volume of gas produced, i.e., it ranges between 25% and 30% of the biodigester volume.
Results and discussion
⌅Biodigester Sizing
⌅For the correct sizing of the homemade biodigester, the following parameters must be determined:
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Daily biomass generation (Bmd);
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Daily volume of material (manure and water mixture) (Vdm);
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Biodigester volume (Vbiodig);
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Fermentation chamber volume (Vcf);
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Biogas containment volume (Vcg);
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Compensation tank volume (Vtc).
The results obtained for each of these parameters are shown in Table 2, considering that the APC's own warehouse has 2 m³ PVC tanks available, which could be used for the fermentation chamber. Therefore, considering that available capacity, the other parameters and the number of animals (bovines) required for the production of excreta for the operation of the proposed biodigestion system were determined.
| Source of raw material | Animal/day | Average Mass,kg | Bmd, kg/day | Vdm, m3/día | Vbiodig , m3 | Vcg, m3 | Vcf, m3 | Vtc, m3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine manure | 50 | 350 | 125 | 0,25 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 4 |
Potential Energy Contribution
⌅To determine the potential energy contribution based on the number of animals available, the following parameters must be determined:
Table 3 shows that for every 350 kg of live weight of cattle, 10 kg of wet manure are obtained per day, generating 0.36 m³ of biogas/day. Considering a manure-to-water ratio of 1:1 and a retention time of 40 days, the biodigester dimensions were determined (Table 2) and the energy contribution of the animal population (Table 3).
| Source of raw materials | Animal per day | Average Mass (kg) | Bmd, kg/day | Y, m3/kg | G, m3/day |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cows | 50 | 350 | 125 | 0.036 | 4.5 |
As shown in Table 3, the biogas yield for each species is 0.036 m³/kg, and for that number of animals housed, a total daily gas production volume of 4.5 m³/day is possible. Based on the values shown in Table 4, the installation of a 12 m³ homemade biodigester is proposed (Guardado, 2007GUARDADO, C.J.A.: Diseño y construcción de plantas de biogás sencillas, Ed. Editorial CUBASOLAR, 2007.).
| Sizing parameters | Proposed Biodigester |
|---|---|
| Vbiodig, m3 | 12 |
| Vcf, m3 | 12 |
| Vtc, m3 | 4.0 |
| Vcg, m3 | 4.0 |
| Energy parameters | Proposed Biodigester |
| Y, m3/kg | 0.036 |
| G, m3/day | 4.5 |
| Potential Energy Savings | Proposed Biodigester |
| Electricity, kWh | 8.4 |
| Natural Gas, m³ | 2.7 |
| Charcoal, kg | 1.35 |
| Wood, kg | 12.15 |
| Gasoline, L | 3.6 |
| Fuel Alcohol, L | 5.4 |
| Fuel Oil, L | 3.15 |
As shown in Table 4, the installation of biodigesters in agricultural production units is an energy-efficient option, in addition to contributing to environmental conservation and protection.
To estimate the cost of the construction and installation of the proposed biodigestion system (excluding labor). Table 5 lists the materials required for its construction and installation.
| Materials | MU | Quantity |
|---|---|---|
| P-350 Cement | Bags | 24 |
| Sand | m3 | 5 |
| Gravel (38 mm) | m3 | 5 |
| 15 cm Block | u | 100 |
| 110 mm (4 in) Pipe | m | 100 |
| 14 mm (1/2 in) Pipe | m | 120 |
| PVC Tank (2 m³) | u | 6 |
| Polyethylene Bag (5 m³) | u | 1 |
| Shut-off Valves | u | 8 |
| Excavation | m3 | 24 |
| Accessories: Connectors, elbows, PVC cleaner and glue, plastic cable ties | ||
It should be noted that the correct sizing of this type of technology promotes the maximum use of waste obtained in production scenarios.
Conclusions
⌅
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A small-scale biodigester was designed for the workers' dining hall at the "Humberto Hernandez" Agricultural Production Cooperative (APC), determining the required number of cattle based on the fermentation chamber volume.
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It is evident that the installation of the proposed technology contributes to energy savings and environmental conservation and preservation.
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It is evident that the materials required for the construction of the installation are locally available, which does not limit the execution of the engineering project.