Introduction
⌅Due to the high protein, vitamin, and mineral content found in moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, several researchers Garavito (2008)GARAVITO, U.: “Moringa oleifera, alimento ecológico para ganado vacuno, porcino, equino, aves y peces, para alimentación humana, también para producción de etanol y biodiesel”, 18, 2008, Disponible en:http://www.engormix.com/MAavicultura/nutricion/articulos/moringaoleifera-t1891/141-p0.htm. ; Olson & Fahey (2011)OLSON, M.E.; FAHEY, J.W.: “Moringa oleifera: un árbol multiusos para las zonas tropicales secas”, Revista mexicana de biodiversidad, 82(4): 1071-1082, 2011, ISSN: 1870-3453.; Alvarado et al. (2018)ALVARADO, E.; JOAQUÍN, S.; ESTRADA, B.; MARTÍNEZ, J.; HERNÁNDEZ, J.: “Moringa oleifera Lam.: Una alternativa forrajera en la producción pecuaria en México”, Agro Productividad, 11(2): 106-110, 2018.; Kekana et al. (2019)KEKANA, T.; MARUME, U.; MUYA, C.; NHERERA, F.: “Lactation performance and blood metabolites in lactating dairy cows micro-supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf meal”, South African Journal of Animal Science, 49(4): 709-716, 2019, ISSN: 2221-4062, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i4.12. ; Bashar et al. (2020)BASHAR, M.K.; HUQUE, K.S.; SARKER, N.R.; SULTANA, N.: “Quality assessment and feeding impact of Moringa feed on intake, digestibility, enteric CH4 emission, rumen fermentation, and milk yield”, Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 7(3): 521, 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2020.g449. ; Su & Chen (2020)SU, B.; CHEN, X.: “Current status and potential of Moringa oleifera leaf as an alternative protein source for animal feeds”, Frontiers in veterinary science, 7: 53, 2020, ISSN: 2297-1769, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00053.; Rizwan et al. (2024)RIZWAN, N.; RIZWAN, D.; BANDAY, M.: “Moringa oleifera: The miracle tree and its potential as nonconventional animal feed: A review”, Agricultural Reviews, 45(3): 369-379, 2024, ISSN: 0253-1496. have argued for the benefits of this species as an alternative to increase the nutritional quality of forages used in livestock feed.
Furthermore, Padilla et al. (2012)PADILLA, C.; FRAGA, N.; SUÁREZ, M.: “Efecto del tiempo de remojo de las semillas de moringa (Moringa oleifera) en el comportamiento de la germinación y en indicadores del crecimiento de la planta”, Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola, 46(4): 419-421, 2012, ISSN: 0034-7485., explain that it grows well in arid and semi-arid conditions, tolerating drought, especially in tropical regions where the dry season is prolonged and reduces the availability and quality of forage for livestock. moringa is also considered a multipurpose plant that promotes nutrient recycling, water conservation, and soil fertility (Alvarado et al., 2018ALVARADO, E.; JOAQUÍN, S.; ESTRADA, B.; MARTÍNEZ, J.; HERNÁNDEZ, J.: “Moringa oleifera Lam.: Una alternativa forrajera en la producción pecuaria en México”, Agro Productividad, 11(2): 106-110, 2018.).
In Cuba, the technologies used in dairy cattle development programs until the late 1980s were intensive, high-input systems that relied heavily on imported feed. Consequently, farms did not produce the volumes and quality of nutrients required for animal feed supplementation.
Starting in 1989, economic difficulties arose in the country that made it impossible to maintain the levels of imported inputs that had sustained the national livestock feed supply. As a result, a feed self-sufficiency program was developed, based on the production of feed by the farmers themselves to meet the needs of their livestock.
Among the alternatives for the production of food for livestock, the production of forages was considered, initially based on Sugar Cane, King Grass and other grasses, providing the farms with forage shredding mills, initially of the disc type (Figure 1a), later proliferating the production of drum type mills (Figure 1b), designed and regulated for the shredding of thick or semi-thick stems.
In recent years, with a view to enriching animal feed with nutrients as an alternative to imported concentrates, the production and inclusion of protein-rich plants in diets has been promoted. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) stands out among these plants, making it necessary to adapt the construction and operating parameters of mills to efficiently process this type of forage. Moringa is composed primarily of thinner leaves and stems, and processing it in these types of mills does not guarantee the required particle size and uniformity. Stationary forage choppers are commercially available with mechanical feeding via roller feeders (Fig. 2). These offer different options for the size of the cut particles, ensuring satisfactory uniformity of this indicator, egardless of the type of forage processed.
In both types of mills available on livestock farms in Cuba (Figure 1), the forage to be processed is not fed by forced rollers. Instead, the operator places the forage directly onto the feeding ramps. The action of the blades on the plant mass must create a suction effect, which will determine the size of the shredded particles and the productivity of the process, among other important parameters that ensure efficient mill operation.
Both the mill's suction capacity, the load-capacity ratio, and the power consumed in the cutting and propulsion process of the processed material depend on a set of machine design and operating parameters, as well as certain physical and mechanical properties of the processed material. Theoretical and experimental aspects aimed at determining the parameters of forage mills and other types of forage cutters have been addressed, both in the classic literature Sáblikov (1963)SÁBLIKOV, M.: “Investigación del Proceso de Corte de Tallos con Cuchillas”, Mecanización y Electrificación de la Agricultura, (2), 1963.; Rieznik (1964)RIEZNIK, N.: “Combinadas Silo cosechadoras, Teoría y Cálculo”, Editorial MIR-Moscú.(en ruso), 1964.; Basoi et al. (1976)BASOI, E.; VERNIAYER, O.; SMIRNOV, I.; SHAX, E.S.: “Teoría, construcción y cálculo de maquinaria agrícola”, Editorial Construcción de Maquinaria. Moscú, 1976., as well as in subsequent research Alfiorov et al. (1981)ALFIOROV, C.; PARA, J.; ARGÜELLES, J.; DÍAZ, R.: “Investigación del proceso de corte de la bermuda cruzada con órganos de corte rotatorios de eje vertical”, Ciencia y Técnica en la Agricultura, Serie Mecanización, La Habana. Cuba, 4(1), 1981.; Fernández & Martínez (1988)FERNÁNDEZ, E.; MARTÍNEZ, A.: “Modelo matemático para la determinación de la potencia consumida en el proceso tecnológico de corte de tallos mediante órganos de cortes rotacionales de eje horizontal”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias (Cuba), 1(3): 79-88, 1988.; Koegel et al. (1990)KOEGEL, R.; SHINNERS, K.; WALL, S.; FRONCZAK, F.; STRAUB, R.: “Radial blade and anvil forage cutterhead”, Transactions of the ASAE, 33(3): 695-0706, 1990.; Shinners et al. (1991SHINNERS, K.; KOEGEL, R.; PRITZL, P.: “An upward cutting cut-and-throw forage harvester to reduce machine energy requirements”, Transactions of the ASAE, 34(6): 2287-2290, 1991.); Carmolinga (1995CARMOLINGA, J.: Propuesta de una Máquina Ensiladora (Picadora de Forraje) para la Alimentación Animal, Inst. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Departamento de Ingeniería Mécánica Agrícola, Informe técnico, Texcoco de Mora, Edo. México, México, 1995.), from which more recent findings have been achieved Martínez & Valdés (2004)MARTÍNEZ, R.A.; VALDÉS, H.P.: “Determinación de las condiciones de succión de la masa vegetal en molinos desmenuzadores de tallos”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 13(4), 2004, ISSN: 2071-0054.; Valdés et al. (2010VALDÉS, P.A.; MARTÍNEZ, A.; VALENCIA, Y.; BRITO, E.: “Influencia del momento de inercia del tambor y de diferentes ángulos de alimentación constantes sobre el calibre de las partículas de forraje procesado con picadores del tipo de tambor con alimentación manual. Parte I”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 19(3): 53-56, 2010, ISSN: 2071-0054.; 2012)VALDÉS, P.A.; MARTÍNEZ, A.; VALENCIA, Y.; BRITO, E.: “Validación del modelo de cálculo de la potencia consumida por las picadoras de forraje del tipo de tambor con alimentación manual”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 21(2): 05-10, 2012, ISSN: 2071-0054.; Valdés & Martínez (2011)VALDÉS, P.A.; MARTÍNEZ, A.: “Software para la determinación racional de los parámetros de trabajo de las picadoras de forraje del tipo tambor con alimentación manual”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 20(2): 80-85, 2011, ISSN: 2071-0054., to develop and validate calculation models for these parameters for manually fed forage choppers. Although primarily applicable to processing thick stalks, these models are not suitable for processing a mixed plant mass like moringa, composed of leaves, branches, and thin stalks. Unlike thick stalks, these thin stalks, when interacting with the blades, significantly increase in density until they reach a level of compaction sufficient to generate the resistance required for the actual cutting process.
Therefore, the problem to be solved in this research lies, on the one hand, in the need to adapt the calculation models for the design and operating parameters of rollerless forage choppers available in Cuba so that they can be used efficiently during moringa processing. This adaptation aims to achieve suction conditions for the processed plant mass that guarantee a finely chopped particle size and productivity in accordance with the requirements. On the other hand, the need arises to experimentally determine certain physical-mechanical properties, specific to this type of plant material, that affect the suction process and are required as input data for these calculation models.
Based on this problem, the objectives of this research are:
-
To develop mechanical-mathematical models that allow the calculation, for drum-type forage mills without feed rollers and during the processing of mixed plant material, of the mill's suction capacity, the size of the processed particles, and the load-capacity relationship.
-
To determine the main physical-mechanical properties of moringa that are required as input data for the developed models.
-
To calculate, through the evaluation of the developed models, the main design and operating parameters to be recommended for controlling the suction conditions in drum-type forage mills without feed rollers during moringa processing.
Materials and Methods
⌅Method applied for the development of the calculation models
⌅To develop the calculation models for the design and operating parameters of the forage mills under study, the conceptual modeling method was used, specifically mechanical-mathematical modeling, based on the application of the laws of mechanics to the interaction processes between the mill's working parts and the processed plant material.
This modeling method, unlike empirical modeling, is deterministic, meaning that for the same input variables, the same output variables are always obtained, without uncertainty (Martínez, 2007MARTÍNEZ, R.A.: Contribución a la Modelación Matemática Racional Dirigida al Cálculo de Parámetros en Procesos de Aplicación en la Agricultura, [en línea], Universidad Agraria de La Habana (UNAH), Tesis en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias de Segundo Grado (Dr.Cs.), La Habana, Cuba, 2007, Disponible en: https://evea.unah.edu.cu. ).
The aspects modeled to determine the design and operating parameters were:
-
The suction process of the plant material during its interaction with the cutting blades;
-
The load-to-throughput ratio of the mill.
To model the suction process of the plant material by the mill's cutting element, the interaction forces generated between the cutting blades, the plant material, and the die are analyzed. This is done by summing forces in the plane perpendicular to the cutting plane and adjusting the parameters so that the resultant of the horizontal component of the force exerted by the blades on the plant material overcomes the frictional force between the plant material and the die. The expressions that allow us to determine the speed imparted by the suction effect to the processed material, upon which the particle size and process productivity depend, are obtained by applying the work-energy principle to the interaction process of the blades with the plant material.
The load-to-throughput ratio of the mill is one of the fundamental aspects during the calculation of any working element that performs a given technological process. Generally, the analysis of the load-capacity relationship yields functions that allow us to relate the different parameters involved in a given technological process, with a view to establishing the appropriate operating regime for the working components of the machines that carry out said process.
In the case at hand, the load is determined based on the daily forage consumption required by the livestock to be fed on the farm and the working time allocated to its processing, while the capacity is determined based on the kinematic and structural parameters of the mill, depending also on certain physical and mechanical properties of the processed material and the particle size to be obtained as a result of its processing.
Finally, to ensure an accurate calculation of the mill parameters, the load q (kg/s) and the throughput qo (kg/s) are matched to prevent blockages and guarantee efficient operation of the equipment. The modeling process began with an analysis of previously developed models based on the processing of thick stems Martínez & Valdés (2004)MARTÍNEZ, R.A.; VALDÉS, H.P.: “Determinación de las condiciones de succión de la masa vegetal en molinos desmenuzadores de tallos”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 13(4), 2004, ISSN: 2071-0054.; Valdés et al. (2010)VALDÉS, P.A.; MARTÍNEZ, A.; VALENCIA, Y.; BRITO, E.: “Influencia del momento de inercia del tambor y de diferentes ángulos de alimentación constantes sobre el calibre de las partículas de forraje procesado con picadores del tipo de tambor con alimentación manual. Parte I”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 19(3): 53-56, 2010, ISSN: 2071-0054., adapting them for the processing of mixed plant material, such as moringa.
Materials and methods used to determine the properties of moringa
⌅Various properties of the forage plant material, related to its interaction with the working parts of the mills, constitute input parameters in the calculation models under study. These properties include: the loading area, the coefficient or angle of friction of the processed material with the metal, generally steel; the density of the processed mass, both in its initial and compacted form; and the specific cutting energy. In this work, the following were experimentally determined:
-
The loading area
-
The density of the processed mass during cutting by the blades
-
The static friction angle of the plant mass with the cutting die material.
The dynamic friction angle and specific cutting energy were determined through calculations based on experimental data from other authors.
Loading area
⌅The loading area ( Fc , m2) is defined as the cross-sectional area of the plant mass that the blades encounter during each cutting action (Martínez, 2019MARTÍNEZ, R.A.: Libro de Texto Complementario: Cálculo de Parámetros en Máquinas Agrícolas Asistido por Computadora, [en línea], Ed. Entorno Virtual de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje (EVEA). Universidad Agraria de La Habana, vol. II Capitulo, San Jose de las Lajas Mayabeque, CUBA, 65-66 p., 2019, Disponible en: https://evea.unah.edu.cu. ). Depending on the type of plant mass being processed and the type of mill, the loading area is determined in three different ways:
-
In the case of cutting thick stems in mills without feed rollers, the loading area can be determined according to the following expression according to Martínez et al. (2004)MARTÍNEZ, A.; VALDÉS, P.; SUÁREZ, J.D.; MATURELL, Y.; VEGA, D.: “Modelo matemático racional para el cálculo de la potencia consumida en molinos forrajeros de tambor”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 13(4): 0, 2004b, ISSN: 1010-2760. and Valdés et al. (2012a)VALDÉS, P.A.; MARTÍNEZ, A.; VALENCIA, Y.; BRITO, E.: “Validación del modelo de cálculo de la potencia consumida por las picadoras de forraje del tipo de tambor con alimentación manual”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 21(2): 05-10, 2012, ISSN: 2071-0054.:
where:
d- is the average outer diameter of the processed stems, m
c- is the number of stems fed simultaneously.
-
During the processing of compacted plant material with feeder rollers, it is determined by the following expression:
where:
- is the clearance (a) between the rollers, m
is the effective length or width of the feed throat, m
ε is a filling coefficient
-
During the processing of plant material, composed of a mixture of branches and leaves, compacted by the action of the blades themselves, in mills without a forced feeding system, the loading area (F sra ,Figure 3) will depend on the area assumed by the plant material at the moment the cutting begins.
In these cases, the determination of the loading area must be approached experimentally, since the fed material is pre-compacted by the blades until the level of compaction generates the resistance required for cutting to occur. This method of determination is applied in this work for the case of moringa.
For the experimental determination of the loading area during the blade-vegetable mass interaction, an installation was prepared (Figure 4) consisting of a drum mill from which the outer casing, the feed ramp and the blowing system of the crushed particles were removed, in order to have free access to the cutting zone.
A lever (2, Figure 4), made of rectangular steel tubing, was fitted with a clamp (1) for coupling to the pulley concentric with the drum shaft. This allowed for different values of the moment M=P∙b to be obtained by attaching a calibrated weight (3) that could be slid along the lever. A sample of plant material was placed between the feed throat's pressure plate and the blade closest to it. The samples were prepared beforehand (Figure 5) to fill the feed space and have a uniform length and weight, while their uncompacted cross-sectional dimensions were adapted to the distance between the pressure plate and the blade.
Starting from this situation, the weight is moved away, increasing the arm b until the moment when the cutting of the portion of plant material was imminent. At that moment, the arm (2) was fixed and the measurements h1, h2, and bs shown in figure 3 were taken with a graduated ruler with a smallest division of 1 mm. With this data, the loading area (F sra ) corresponding to a manual feeding system without feed rollers was calculated by the expression:
The sample size (nm) was calculated (with the data resulting from a pre-experiment carried out with 10 samples) for a significance level of 0.05 and a mean error of 10%, according to the expression based on the Student's t-distribution:
Where:
σ: mean square deviation,
t: Student's t-test criterion
Δ: expected mean error.
The calculation, performed with the data obtained from the previous pre-experiment, yielded a sample size n m = 12.19, with a total of 15 samples processed.
Density of the processed mass
⌅The volumetric density of the moringa bundles to be processed was determined under two conditions:
-
Density in the uncompacted state (γ d ), which is the natural state of the plant mass prior to its introduction into the mill throat, composed of a mixture of stems, branches, and leaves.
-
Density in the compacted state (γ c ), occupying the loading area between the blade and the die, prior to imminent cutting.
To determine γ d , the samples prepared in bundles (Figure 5) were weighed using a digital balance with a precision of up to 0.1 g.
Under both conditions, density was determined by dividing the sample mass by its volume. In the case of uncompacted samples, the volume was determined by measuring the perimeter of the uncompressed bundle with a cloth tape measure (with a minimum division of 1 mm) and calculating the cross-sectional area of each sample. Multiplying this area by the average length of each bundle yielded its volume.
In the case of determining the compacted density, the cross-sectional area of the bulk corresponded to the load area F sra determined by expression 3 .
The sample size calculation for this determination was performed using the same procedure employed for determining the load area, applying expression 4 for a significance level of 0.05 and a mean error of 10%, resulting in n m = 9. However, the same 15 samples were processed.
Friction angle
⌅The friction angle of the plant mass with the bearing material was determined by measuring the static friction angle using an inclined plane with a variable angle. A steel surface of the same material and finish as the bearing material was placed on the inclined plane. The angle of imminent slippage was measured with a graduated protractor with a minimum division of 1°. The sample size, determined by expression 4 , resulted in n m = 14, for a significance level of 0.05 and a mean error of 5%, taking a sample size of n m = 20.
Starting from the determination of the static friction angle, the dynamic friction angle is determined by applying the trend in the difference between these two parameters for the case of interaction of plant mass with steel, determined Rieznik (1964)RIEZNIK, N.: “Combinadas Silo cosechadoras, Teoría y Cálculo”, Editorial MIR-Moscú.(en ruso), 1964., as well as by Valdés et al. (2010)VALDÉS, P.A.; MARTÍNEZ, A.; VALENCIA, Y.; BRITO, E.: “Influencia del momento de inercia del tambor y de diferentes ángulos de alimentación constantes sobre el calibre de las partículas de forraje procesado con picadores del tipo de tambor con alimentación manual. Parte I”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 19(3): 53-56, 2010, ISSN: 2071-0054., being able to arrive at the following relationship rϕ between the static (ϕe) and dynamic (ϕd) friction angle:
In this investigation, a mean value is applied to this interval, resulting in the following relationship:
Specific cutting energy
⌅The Specific Cutting Energy (Ae) is not determined for moringa, so its value is estimated using experimental results reported by Rieznik (1964)RIEZNIK, N.: “Combinadas Silo cosechadoras, Teoría y Cálculo”, Editorial MIR-Moscú.(en ruso), 1964. for forage plant stems between 3 and 15 mm thick, obtained at cutting speeds up to 25 m/s with standardized blades. These results reported values for this property ranging from 0.6 x 10⁴ to 2.4 x 10⁴ N·m/m², with the lower values corresponding to the higher cutting speeds.
Method Applied for Evaluating the Developed Models
⌅To facilitate the evaluation of the models developed for calculating the mill's load-capacity relationships and the suction conditions of the plant material during its interaction with the cutting blades, the expressions derived from the modeling were programmed using Mathcad 2000 Professional software. In this way, by inputting the parameters or properties that constitute the models' inputs variables into the developed programs, the parameters to be determined are obtained as outputs in an expedited manner.
Method applied for the statistical analysis of experimental results
⌅The results of the experimental runs carried out to determine the loading area, the density of the compacted mass, and the angle of friction were statistically analyzed. For all the samples measured in each case, the mean value, the root mean square deviation, and the mean error were determined at a significance level of 0.05.
Results and Discussion
⌅Modeling the Suction Process of Plant Mass
⌅Controlling the suction of plant mass in manually fed forage mills is of paramount importance in obtaining a controlled and uniform size of the shredded particles (Martínez et al., 2004aMARTÍNEZ, A.; VALDÉS, P.; DÍAZ, J.; MATURELL, Y.; VEGA, D.: “Determinación de las condiciones de succión de la masa vegetal en los molinos desmenuzadores de tallos”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 13(4): 1-10, 2004a, ISSN: 1010-2760.; Martínez, 2019MARTÍNEZ, R.A.: Libro de Texto Complementario: Cálculo de Parámetros en Máquinas Agrícolas Asistido por Computadora, [en línea], Ed. Entorno Virtual de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje (EVEA). Universidad Agraria de La Habana, vol. II Capitulo, San Jose de las Lajas Mayabeque, CUBA, 65-66 p., 2019, Disponible en: https://evea.unah.edu.cu. ).
A model Martínez & Valdés (2004)MARTÍNEZ, R.A.; VALDÉS, H.P.: “Determinación de las condiciones de succión de la masa vegetal en molinos desmenuzadores de tallos”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 13(4), 2004, ISSN: 2071-0054. that satisfactorily clarifies which parameters influence material suction, allowing for its control to obtain adequate sizes of shredded particles and specifically designed for processing thick stems, is adapted in this work for application during the processing of a mixture of plant mass composed of stems, branches, and leaves, such as moringa.
The fundamental objective of this model is to determine the parameters that influence the suction of the self-feeding material by the shredding element of forage mills and to establish the corresponding expressions that allow for the calculation of these parameters.
The analysis is based on the hypothesis that, in the cutting process, there must be a component of the interaction force between the blades and the plant material, in the direction of the material feed to the cutting element, capable of "dragging" the fed material at an average speed that ensures the flow corresponding to the capacity of the cutting element. A second hypothesis is that the work done by this component of the cutting force in the feed direction is used to provide a certain amount of kinetic energy to the fed material, which will acquire a given speed in the feed direction, ultimately causing the suction effect.
Figure 6 shows the interaction of the cutting element with the plant material in the plane perpendicular to the cutting plane. Note that, to be consistent with the first hypothesis, an eccentricity (e) of the rotor's axis of rotation with respect to the feed line (x-axis) has been assumed in the case of the drum element.
Under these conditions, the shear force (P cor ) is decomposed into a vertical component (P cor .cos α) that is used in the actual cutting action and a horizontal component (P cor .sin α) that is used in the pulling of the plant material. The normal (N) and horizontal (friction force F) components of the reaction force of the die also act on the free body of the fed material. The effect of the weight of the material fraction in the cutting zone is neglected in the model.
The first condition for material suction must be met:
where Fmax: maximum friction force, N.
where φ is the angle of friction between the plant mass and the bearing material.
The angle of friction should preferably be considered dynamic (Ϫd), given the dynamic nature of the interaction between the bearing and the plant mass when it is struck and dragged by the blades.
Since:
Then, substituting 8 and 9 into 7 , we obtain:
This means that, as a first condition for the possibility of suction of the plant material by the cutting element, the angle α between the direction of the cutting force and the perpendicular to the plane of the cutting edge must be greater than the angle of friction between the plant material and the cutting edge material.
This condition is necessary but not sufficient, since for the movement of the plant material to occur in the direction of the feed, it must acquire a velocity in that direction, and this velocity must correspond to the design flow rate (throughput capacity, qo) of the mill, as well as guarantee the desired particle size (ΔL).
Applying the principle of work and energy, it can be stated according to Martínez et al. (2004a)MARTÍNEZ, A.; VALDÉS, P.; DÍAZ, J.; MATURELL, Y.; VEGA, D.: “Determinación de las condiciones de succión de la masa vegetal en los molinos desmenuzadores de tallos”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 13(4): 1-10, 2004a, ISSN: 1010-2760. that the work of the horizontal component of the resultant of the forces is used to provide kinetic energy to the fed mass, with a part of the energy also being dissipated by the effect of friction, that is:
where m: average mass of the material fed, kg.
This value of the feed mass can be determined as:
where Lt is the length of the clump of stalks fed, m.
The loading area F sra corresponds to a manual feeding system without feed rollers and is determined experimentally, evaluated according to expression 3 , while the density of the compacted mass γ c is also determined experimentally within the framework of this work.
Returning to expression 11 , the size of the shredded particles (ΔL) and the average velocity of the fed mass (V al ), corresponding to a flow rate qo (kg/s) equal to the mill's throughput, are related according to the expression;
The average speed that the fed mass must have is also determined based on the material flow rate, as follows:
On the other hand, regarding the vertical axis, it can be stated that:
Therefore, the shear force can be determined as:
where:
Ae: the specific cutting energy of the processed product, N·m/m2
Δs: the displacement of the cutting force during contact of the blade edge with the fed mass, m
Solving for α the system of equations 9 to 16 , we obtain:
Equation 17 allows us to determine the angle α that guarantees an average suction velocity corresponding to the flow rate q o (kg/s), while also ensuring the desired average particle size ΔL for the shredded particles. The value of α depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the feed mass, such as Ae and γc, and the length of the clump of stalks being fed, as well as the loading area F sra.
The displacement of the cutting force (Δs) during the cutting process can be approximately determined by the average of the extreme travels of the blade (h1 and h2, Fig. 3), that is:
egarding the flow rate (q o ) of the material processed by the machine, its determination will be addressed below.
Modeling for calculating the load-capacity relationship
⌅In the case of feed mills for animal feed, the load calculation is based on the mass of material processed (G, kg/day) consumed daily in a livestock facility:
Where: Q: the number of animals to be fed; g: the daily consumption of each animal, in kg/day.
If T (h/day) is defined as the daily operating time of the shredding machine, during which the feed required for one day must be processed, then the load q (kg/s) of the working element will be given by:
on the other hand, the throughput qo (kg/s) of the shredding element will depend on a set of construction and operating parameters of the mill, as well as the properties of the plant material and the required particle size of the processed product, such as:
-
The number of blades on the drum or disc (Z);
-
The rotational speed of the cutting element (n, rev/min);
-
The loading area faced by a blade in each cut (F sra , m2);
-
The density of the plant material at the time of cutting ( γ c , kg/m3);
-
The length of the shredded particles (ΔL, m). It is appropriate to clarify that, in the case under study, the loading area (Fsra) is taken to be that corresponding to a drum mill without feeder rollers and processing a mixed plant mass, composed of thin stems, branches and leaves, as represented in Figure 3. Likewise, the density of the mass at the time of cutting (γ c ) corresponds to these conditions.
The volume of stems V n (m3/rev) cut in one revolution of the cutting organ will be given by:
Then the volume processed per unit of time Vt (m3/s) will be:
and the mass of stems that can be processed per unit of time by the working organ (throughput capacity) will be given by:
As is well known, during the calculation of parameters for forage shredding machines, as with other working components of harvesting or processing machines, the match between the loading capacity (q) and the throughput (q o ) must be ensured to prevent blockages and guarantee efficient equipment operation.
Results of the experimental determination of moringa properties
⌅Table 1 shows the statistical data obtained during the experimental determination of the loading area (Fsra) of moringa plant material during its processing in a drum mill without forced feeding.
It can be seen that the mean value of the loading area reached 105.02 cm² with a mean square deviation of 20.96 cm², resulting in a mean error of 9.5 cm², with a significance level of 0.05.
| h1 (cm) | h2 (cm) | b1 (cm) | Loading área F sra , (cm2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean value | 1.65 | 6.92 | 24.5 | 105.02 |
| Mean Square Deviation | 0.75 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 20.96 |
| Mean error | 9.5 | |||
| Calculated sample size | 12 | |||
| Sample size used | 15 | |||
| Student's t-test | 1.75 | |||
| Significance level | 0.05 | |||
The results of the volumetric density determination of moringa, both in its natural state at the beginning of the feeding process and after compaction by the blades prior to cutting, are shown in table 2.
| Statistician | Density of the initial mass, γsc (kg/m3) | Compacted density γc (kg/m3) |
|---|---|---|
| Mean value | 40.41 | 188.04 |
| Mean Square Deviation | 5.39 | 32.78 |
| Mean Error | 4.04 | 9.8 |
| Calculated sample size | 3.85 | 9.30 |
| Sample size used | 15 | 15 |
| Student's t-test | 1.47 | 1.75 |
| Significance level | 0.05 | 0,05 |
The table shows that the volumetric density of moringa, when compacted by the blades up to the moment of cutting, increases from just over 40 kg/m³ to 188 kg/m³, exceeding the density of the bulk material in its normal state by 4.6 times.
The results of the experimental determination of the static moringa-steel friction angle (φe), as well as the calculation of the dynamic friction angle (φd), are shown in table 3.
| moringa-steel friction angle | ||
|---|---|---|
| Statistician | Static, ϕ e (o) | Dynamic, ϕ d (o) |
| Mean value | 52.50 | 27.63 |
| Mean Square Deviation | 5.64 | |
| Mean Error | 2.62 | |
| Calculated sample size | 13.67 | |
| Sample size used | 20 | |
| Student's t-test | 1.72 | |
| Significance level | 0.05 | |
The table shows that the static friction angle reaches 52.5° with a mean error of 2.62°, for a significance level of 0.05, which means there is a 95% probability that the population mean lies between 49.88° and 55.12°. Furthermore, the dynamic friction angle is found to be approximately half of the static friction angle.
Results of the evaluation of the developed models
⌅Figure 7 shows screenshots of the first page of the software developed for calculating the parameters that guarantee, on the one hand, the appropriate load-capacity relationships, and on the other hand, the suction conditions required for efficient work of a drum mill, during the processing of a mixed plant mass, composed of thin stems, branches and leaves
The software programs contain the expressions developed for calculating load-capacity relationships and suction conditions for the plant material, in order to quickly obtain the desired output variables based on the input variables entered. In this case, the programs were applied using the properties of moringa, with the aim of obtaining the mill's operating parameters that guarantee efficient operation during the processing of this plant material.
The following data were declared as inputs to the CARCAP-MOL program:
-
Number of animals to be fed per day: Q = 100 animals/day.
-
Daily consumption per animal: g = 40 kg/day.
-
Daily operating time of the mill: T = 1 h/day.
-
Average length of the particles to be ground: ΔL = 0.005 m.
-
Rotation speed of the chopping drum: n = 1900 rpm.
-
Number of blades on the chopping drum: Z = 4
-
Density of the compacted plant material: γc = 188.04 kg/m³.
-
Loading area: Fsra = 0.0105 m².
For these input data, the following outputs are obtained:
-
Machine load: q = 4.10³ kg/h.
-
Throughput capacity: qo = 1.25 kg/s = 4.5 x 10³ kg/h. Verifying that the load does not exceed the machine's throughput capacity.
-
For the evaluation of the SUCMOL-MVEG program, the following input data are used:
-
Throughput capacity: qo = 1.25 kg/s.
-
Average length of the particles to be shredded: ΔL = 0.005 m.
-
Density of the compacted plant material: γc = 188.04 kg/m³.
-
Specific cutting energy: Ae = 0.6 x 10⁴ N/m².
-
Loading area: Fsra = 0.0105 m²
-
Moringa-steel friction angle: φd = 27.63°.
-
Length of the plant material bundle being fed: L = 0.75 m.
-
Drum diameter (at the blade edge): D = 0.34 m.
-
Inner drum width: b1 = 0.245 m.
-
Blade angle (Fig. 3): θ = 100 = 0.175 rad.
Shortest distance from the blade to the cutting edge at the start of cutting: h1 = 1.65 × 10⁻² m.
Longest distance from the blade to the cutting edge at the start of cutting: h2 = 6.92 × 10⁻² m.
With this input data, the program calculates the angle α between the direction of the cutting force and the perpendicular to the plane of the cutting edge, according to equation 17 . This ensures an average suction velocity corresponding to the flow rate qo (kg/s), while also guaranteeing the desired average particle size ΔL for the shredded particles.
It also provides the verification result for compliance with the first condition for the possibility of suction of the plant material by the cutting element, checking if the obtained angle α is greater than the friction angle. In this case, the following results were obtained:
Finally, the program provides the eccentricity value e (Fig. 6) of the drum axis with respect to the plane of the die, which is the adjustment parameter indicated to achieve the desired angle α. In this case, the value obtained is e = 0.103 m.
Conclusions
⌅-
Through conceptual mechanical-mathematical modeling of the interaction of a cutting element in a drum-type forage mill without forced feeding, expressions are obtained that allow the calculation of the mill's design and operating parameters to guarantee an efficient suction effect, with the required material flow and particle size, during the processing of a plant mass composed of thin stems, branches, and leaves.
-
For a plant mass composed of moringa (M. oleifera) stems, branches, and leaves, parameters and properties required as input data for the developed models are experimentally determined, such as: the loading area, which reaches an average value of 105 cm²; The density of the compacted mass during the cutting action reaches an average value of up to 188 kg/m³, exceeding the density of the mass in its normal state by 4.6 times. The static friction angle of the plant mass with the steel reaches an average value of 52.5°, decreasing to 27.63° under dynamic conditions.
-
The mathematical models developed were programmed using computer software to facilitate their evaluation. The evaluation of the models, using data related to the processing of moringa in a drum-type forage mill available on Cuban livestock farms, showed that setting the eccentricity of the drum shaft to 0.103 m relative to the level of the grinding wheel ensures the required material flow and particle size.