Introduction
⌅Soil organic matter (SOM) comprises all organic materials of plant or animal origin, in varying degrees of decomposition (Silva and Mendonça, 2007SILVA, I.; MENDONÇA, E.S.: Matéria orgânica do solo, Ed. Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Novais RF, Alvarez VVH, Barros NF, Fontes RLF, Cantarutti RB, Neves JCL editores Fertilidade do solo ed., Viçosa, MG, Brasil, 275-374 p., 2007.; Nilo, 2019NILO, G.: “Procedimiento operativo estándar para el análisis de carbono orgánico del suelo: Walkley-Black [GLOSOLAN]”, 2019.). In tropical soils, its degradation is faster than in temperate climates due to high temperatures and humidity, resulting from intense rainfall and warm conditions (Ross, 1993ROSS, S.M.: “Organic matter in tropical soils: current conditions, concerns and prospects for conservation”, Progress in physical geography, 17(3): 265-305, 1993, ISSN: 0309-1333.; Craswell and Lefroy, 2001CRASWELL, E.; LEFROY, R.: “The role and function of organic matter in tropical soils”, Nutrient cycling in Agroecosystems, 61(1): 7-18, 2001, ISSN: 1385-1314.; Castro et al., 2015CASTRO, G.S.; CRUSCIOL, C.A.; CALONEGO, J.C.; ROSOLEM, C.A.: “Management impacts on soil organic matter of tropical soils”, Vadose Zone Journal, 14(1): vzj2014-07, 2015, ISSN: 1539-1663.).
Increased soil organic matter content has multiple effects on soil habitats. These include improved soil particle aggregation, resulting in improved soil structure. This, in turn, optimizes air and water movement in the soil and increases its water retention capacity. A more stable soil structure results in less erosion, which retains nutrients and protects water quality. From a chemical perspective, soil organic carbon contributes to soil cation exchange capacity, which is necessary for the retention of nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium (Van der Wal and de Boer, 2017VAN DER WAL, A.; DE BOER, W.: “Dinner in the dark: illuminating drivers of soil organic matter decomposition”, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 105: 45-48, 2017, ISSN: 0038-0717.). Furthermore, increased soil organic carbon increases the biomass and diversity of soil biota, as it constitutes a source of nutrients available to these organisms, which, by transforming them, make them available to plants (Nilo, 2019NILO, G.: “Procedimiento operativo estándar para el análisis de carbono orgánico del suelo: Walkley-Black [GLOSOLAN]”, 2019.).
For all these reasons, the determination of organic matter (OM) is essential for the knowledge of soil quality and health, constituting the primary indicator of these (Schloter et al., 2003SCHLOTER, M.; DILLY, O.; MUNCH, J.: “Indicators for evaluating soil quality”, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 98(1-3): 255-262, 2003, ISSN: 0167-8809.; Weil & Magdoff, 2004WEIL, R.R.; MAGDOFF, F.: “Significance of soil organic matter to soil quality and health”, Soil organic matter in sustainable agriculture, : 1-43, 2004.; Obalum et al., 2017OBALUM, S.; CHIBUIKE, G.; PETH, S.; OUYANG, Y.: “Soil organic matter as sole indicator of soil degradation”, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(4): 176, 2017, ISSN: 0167-6369.), and is essential to evaluate the agricultural and forestry productivity of soils (La Manna et al., 2007LA MANNA, L.; BUDUBA, C.; ALONSO, V.; DAVEL, M.; PUENTES, C.; IRISARRI, J.: “Comparación de métodos analíticos para la determinación de materia orgánica en suelos de la región Andino-Patagónica: efectos de la vegetación y el tipo de suelo”, Ciencia del suelo, 25(2): 179-188, 2007, ISSN: 1850-2067.) and to define agricultural management conditions related to tillage, fertilization and irrigation (Reeves, 1997REEVES, D.: “The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems”, Soil and Tillage research, 43(1-2): 131-167, 1997, ISSN: 0167-1987.; Conceição et al., 2005CONCEIÇÃO, P.C.; AMADO, T.J.C.; MIELNICZUK, J.; SPAGNOLLO, E.: “Qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo avaliada pela dinâmica da matéria orgânica e atributos relacionados”, Revista Brasileira de Ciência do solo, 29: 777-788, 2005, ISSN: 1806-9657.; Roscoe, 2006ROSCOE, R.: “Dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo em sistemas conservacionistas: modelagem matemática e métodos auxiliares.”, 2006.; Silva and Mendonça, 2007SILVA, I.; MENDONÇA, E.S.: Matéria orgânica do solo, Ed. Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Novais RF, Alvarez VVH, Barros NF, Fontes RLF, Cantarutti RB, Neves JCL editores Fertilidade do solo ed., Viçosa, MG, Brasil, 275-374 p., 2007.; Madari et al., 2009MADARI, B.E.; CUNHA, T.J.F.; NOVOTNY, E.H.; MILORI, D.; MARTIN, N.L.; BENITES, V.M.; COELHO, M.R.; SANTOS, G.A.: Matéria orgânica dos solos antrópicos da Amazônia (Terra Preta de Índio: suas características e papel na sustentabilidade da fertilidade do solo), Teixeira WG, Kern DC, Madari BE, Lima HN, Woods W, editores. As terras pretas de índio da Amazônia: sua caracterização e uso deste conhecimento na criação de novas áreas ed., Manaus: Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil, 172-188 p., 2009.; Souza et al., 2016SOUZA, D.M. de; MORAIS, P.A. de O.; MATSUSHIGE, I.; ROSA, L.A.: “Development of alternative methods for determining soil organic matter”, Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, 40: e0150150, 2016, ISSN: 1806-9657.).
Among the most widely used analytical methods for quantifying organic carbon in soils are loss on ignition and wet combustion (Walkley-Black, 1934WALKLEY, A.; BLACK, I.: “Anexamination of the Degtjareff method and a proposed modification of thechromic matter and a proposed modification of thechromic acid titration method”, Soil Science, 37: 29-38, 1934.). Loss on ignition measures the weight loss of a sample when incinerated at 430°C for 24 hours, oxidizing all forms of SOM (Davies, 1974DAVIES, B.E.: “Loss‐on‐ignition as an estimate of soil organic matter”, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 38(1): 150-151, 1974, ISSN: 0361-5995.). This inexpensive and simple method does not require chemical reagents, but it is energy-intensive (La Manna et al., 2007LA MANNA, L.; BUDUBA, C.; ALONSO, V.; DAVEL, M.; PUENTES, C.; IRISARRI, J.: “Comparación de métodos analíticos para la determinación de materia orgánica en suelos de la región Andino-Patagónica: efectos de la vegetación y el tipo de suelo”, Ciencia del suelo, 25(2): 179-188, 2007, ISSN: 1850-2067.).
On the other hand, wet combustion (Walkley-Black, 1934WALKLEY, A.; BLACK, I.: “Anexamination of the Degtjareff method and a proposed modification of thechromic matter and a proposed modification of thechromic acid titration method”, Soil Science, 37: 29-38, 1934.) uses potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid, partially oxidizing organic carbon. Its underestimation is corrected by factors adjusted for soil type and horizon (Rosell et al., 2001ROSELL, R.; GASPARONI, J.; GALANTINI, J.: “Soil organic matter evaluation”, Assessment methods for soil carbon, : 311-322, 2001.; Certini et al., 2002CERTINI, G.; CORTI, G.; FERNÁNDEZ SANJURJO, M.J.: “Comparison of two soil organic matter extractants and determination of the “Walkley-Black” correction factors for organic fractions from a volcanic soil”, Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 33(5-6): 685-693, 2002, ISSN: 0010-3624.; De Vos et al., 2007DE VOS, B.; LETTENS, S.; MUYS, B.; DECKERS, J.A.: “Walkley-Black analysis of forest soil organic carbon: recovery, limitations and uncertainty”, Soil Use and Management, 23(3): 221-229, 2007, ISSN: 0266-0032.). This method, although limited in coverage, is simple, accessible, and standardized by GLOSOLAN (Nilo, 2019NILO, G.: “Procedimiento operativo estándar para el análisis de carbono orgánico del suelo: Walkley-Black [GLOSOLAN]”, 2019.).
However, it is recognized that the use of this method entails a high risk to human and environmental health. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4, CAS: 7664-93-9) can cause skin burns and generates corrosive, toxic, and irritating vapors. According to Nilo (2019)NILO, G.: “Procedimiento operativo estándar para el análisis de carbono orgánico del suelo: Walkley-Black [GLOSOLAN]”, 2019., it requires that its handling be carried out under an extraction hood and that its waste not be discharged into the drainage system, conditions that can be difficult to meet in Cuban laboratories today. Regarding potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7, CAS: 7778-50-9), it is noted that it is an inorganic, highly corrosive and strongly oxidizing compound, which emits toxic chromium vapors when heated and due to such characteristics and easy reactivity with combustible materials, it presents high risks in its storage. In addition, it is a known human carcinogen and is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.
Considering all this, visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy has recently been proposed as a proven technique as a rapid and relatively accurate alternative to laboratory analysis of soil properties (Stenberg, 2010STENBERG, B.: “Visible and near infrared spectroscopy in soil science”, Advances in Agronomy, 107: 163-215, 2010, ISSN: 0065-2113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)07005-7.). The main advantages of these techniques are their speed, relative accuracy, and non-destructive nature (Nduwamungu, 2009NDUWAMUNGU, C.; ZIADI, N.; TREMBLAY, G.F.; PARENT, L.-É.: “Near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy prediction of soil properties: Effects of sample cups and preparation”, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 73(6): 1896-1903, 2009, ISSN: 0361-5995.; Volkan, 2010VOLKAN, A.: “Visible near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for assessment of soil properties in a semi-arid area of Turkey”, Journal of Arid Environments, 74: 229-238, 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.08.011; Stenberg, 2010STENBERG, B.: “Visible and near infrared spectroscopy in soil science”, Advances in Agronomy, 107: 163-215, 2010, ISSN: 0065-2113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)07005-7.). The main disadvantage is the high cost of the necessary equipment and the high level of specialization required by the personnel involved in this activity.
Furthermore, the current socioeconomic context requires rapid and efficient responses to a large number of farmers from diverse production systems, emphasizing the rational use of material and human resources. In this regard, the implementation of field methods is preferable. These methods require basic steps that are easy to follow by any operator, regardless of their technical level, under field conditions. Therefore, a certain level of precision is often sacrificed in pursuit of simplicity and ease of implementation, through the use of visual observations or portable instruments, which are not as sensitive as laboratory instruments.
For his part, Bowman (1997)BOWMAN, R.: Field Methods to Estimate Soil Organic Matter, [en línea], 1997, Disponible en: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30100000/1990-1999documents/336%201997%20Bowman%20Conserv%20Tillage%20Fact%20Sht.pdf. proposes a method for determining organic matter in soil for use in field conditions. This method is based on the extraction capacity of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, CAS 60-00-4), which produces a liquid whose color is directly proportional to the intensity of this extraction. Thus, the darker the extract, the higher its organic matter content. Subsequently, the color of the "problem" sample is compared with field standards, soils with known organic matter content, in order to make a rapid and inexpensive semi-quantitative estimate of the organic matter content of the same (using ranges).
Bowman (1997)BOWMAN, R.: Field Methods to Estimate Soil Organic Matter, [en línea], 1997, Disponible en: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30100000/1990-1999documents/336%201997%20Bowman%20Conserv%20Tillage%20Fact%20Sht.pdf. also proposes that the sensitivity of this analysis can be increased by filtering the extract and reading its absorbance at 520 nanometers using a spectrophotometer (if portable equipment is available, this can be done in the field). In this case, a calibration curve would be made using the known standards and the value of the organic matter content would be calculated using the regression equation obtained, being a quantitative determination.
EDTA, on the other hand, has low toxicity upon ingestion and is considered a mild skin irritant. It also poses no storage risks. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, CAS: 1310-73-2), although recognized as an irritant and corrosive material, is used in this method at low concentrations, which reduces the human and environmental risks.
According to this, the following work has two fundamental objectives: i) the validation of the method proposed by Bowman (1997)BOWMAN, R.: Field Methods to Estimate Soil Organic Matter, [en línea], 1997, Disponible en: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30100000/1990-1999documents/336%201997%20Bowman%20Conserv%20Tillage%20Fact%20Sht.pdf. in Cuban soils from several groups, comparing the results obtained by this method with those obtained through the Walkey-Black method and ii) preparation of a kit for the estimation of organic matter content in the field, selecting the soils used for standards.
Materials and Methods
⌅Seventeen samples were used, the descriptions of which are attached (see Table 1). The selection was based on the greatest possible heterogeneity in terms of the soil groupings represented, textural classes, colors, aggregation percentages, and organic matter content.
The percentage of organic matter was determined in all samples using the wet digestion method, developed by Walkey and Black (1934)WALKLEY, A.; BLACK, I.: “Anexamination of the Degtjareff method and a proposed modification of thechromic matter and a proposed modification of thechromic acid titration method”, Soil Science, 37: 29-38, 1934. and standardized according to the Cuban standard (NC 51.1999NC 51: Calidad de suelo. Determinación de la materia orgánica, Inst. Oficina Nacional de Normalización La Habana, Cuba., La Habana, Cuba, publisher: Oficina Nacional de Normalización La Habana, Cuba., 1999.), and through EDTA extraction (Bowman, 1997BOWMAN, R.: Field Methods to Estimate Soil Organic Matter, [en línea], 1997, Disponible en: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30100000/1990-1999documents/336%201997%20Bowman%20Conserv%20Tillage%20Fact%20Sht.pdf.). For the latter, 5 to 10 grams of dry soil were pulverized in a mortar, 0.5 grams of which was taken, 20 ml of basic EDTA was added and the mixture was shaken vigorously for 30 seconds. This extract was filtered and its absorbance was measured at 520 nm. Subsequently, the percentage of correlation between the results obtained in both cases was calculated using SPSS V. 20.
| Sample | Study site | Coordinates | Management | Soil taxonomy (Cuban system) | Soil taxonomy (WRB)1 The correlation of the Cuban soil classification system (2015) with the World Reference Base (WRB) system was carried out according to Hernández-Jiménez, 2021. | Texture | pH | % aggregation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tbc 010 | Viñales, Pinar del Río | N 22° 34.376‘ W 83° 42.491‘ | Tobacco crop | Alítico | Rhodic, Xanthic, Alumic Alisol | Sandy loam | 6,72 | 20,44 |
| 2 | Cfg 1020 | Manicaragua, Cienfuegos | N 22°09.401´ W 80°06.266´ | Forest | Pardo grisáceo | Dystric Cambisol | Silt loam | 6,08 | 57,43 |
| 3 | Vin 1020 | Viñales, Pinar del Rio | N 22° 34.578‘ W 83° 42.758’ | Forest | Alítico | Rhodic, Xanthic, Alumic Alisol | Sandy clay | 4,86 | 77,93 |
| 4 | Pul 010 | Alquízar, Artemisa | N 22° 46.399' W 82° 36.463' | Common bean crop | Ferralítico | Ferralic, Rhodic, Lixic, Eutric Nitisol | Clayey | 6,73 | 77,79 |
| 5 | Hbn 010 | Hanabanilla, Cienfuegos | N 22°06.904´ W 080° 04.845´ | Forest | Gley | Eutric, Clayey, Humic Gleysol | Sandy clayey silty | 6,30 | 48,28 |
| 6 | Tbc 1020 | Viñales, Pinar del Río | N 22° 34.376‘ W 83° 42.491‘ | Tobacco crop | Alítico | Rhodic, Xanthic, Alumic Alisol | Sandy loam | 6,68 | 25,82 |
| 7 | Tbl 010 | Manicaragua, Cienfuegos | N 22⁰ 15.772´ W 80⁰ 10.651´ | Pastures | Pardo grisáceo | Dystric Cambisol | Sandy clayey silty | 6,25 | 22,46 |
| 8 | Tbl 1020 | Manicaragua, Cienfuegos | N 22⁰ 15.772´ W 80⁰ 10.651´ | Pastures | Pardo grisáceo | Dystric Cambisol | Sandy clayey silty | 6,67 | 32,14 |
| 9 | CnVC 1020 | Santo Domingo, Villa Clara | N 22°38.522´ W 80°14.546´ | Sugarcane crop | Pardo grisáceo | Dystric Cambisol | Silt loam | 79,83 | |
| 10 | Hlg 010 | Antilla, Holguín | N 20° 51' 1.76' W 75° 39' 54.29' | Forest | Vertisol crómico | Pellic Vertisol | Silty clay | 7,47 | 86,64 |
| 11 | Hlg 1020 | Antilla, Holguín | N 20° 51' 1.76' W 75° 39' 54.29' | Forest | Vertisol crómico | Pellic Vertisol | Silty clay | 7,25 | 90,59 |
| 12 | Mq5C2 | Empresa Pecuaria Niña Bonita, Artemisa | N 22° 59.618' W 82° 30.903 | Sugarcanne | Gley nodular ferruginoso | Petroferric Gleysol | Silty clay | 7,04 | 59,62 |
| 13 | Mq5C3 | Empresa Niña Bonita, Artemisa | N 22° 59.031' W 82° 30.606' | Sugarcane | Gley nodular ferruginoso | Petroferric Gleysol | Silty clay | 6,25 | 61,64 |
| 14 | Mq6C1 | Empresa Niña Bonita, Artemisa | N 22° 59.091' W 82° 30.603' | Pastures | Fersialítico Pardo Rojizo | Eutric Cambisol | Clayey | 7,58 | 72,45 |
| 15 | Mq6C3 | Empresa Niña Bonita, Artemisa | N 22° 59.091' W 82° 30.603' | Pastures | Fersialítico Pardo Rojizo | Eutric Cambisol | Clayey | 7,26 | 77,81 |
| 16 | Mq6C4 | Empresa Niña Bonita, Artemisa | N 22° 59' 5.46' W 82° 30' 36.47 | Pastures | Fersialítico Pardo Rojizo | Eutric Cambisol | Clayey | 7,47 | 75,25 |
| 17 | PtoBt5 | Carretera Bauta Baracoa | N 23°1´26.18´´ W 82° 32´58.52´´ | Pastures | Ferralítico Rojo Compactado | Ferralic, Rhodic, Lixic, Eutric Nitisol | Clayey | 6,55 | 76,24 |
Results and Discussion
⌅Table 2 shows the results obtained from the two methods for determining the percentage of soil organic matter, measuring the optical density of the extracts at 650 and 520 nm, respectively, as indicated in the protocols for each method.
| Sample | DO 650 nm (wet digestion) | DO 520 nm (EDTA extraction) | % SOM | Standards | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tbc 1020 | 0.026 | 0.636 | 0.99 | 1% |
| 2 | Tbl 1020 | 0.045 | 0.689 | 1.76 | |
| 3 | Tbl 010 | 0.050 | 0.739 | 1.97 | |
| 4 | Tbc 010 | 0.053 | 0.659 | 2.05 | 2% |
| 5 | CnVC 1020 | 0.056 | 0.667 | 2.19 | |
| 6 | Mq6C4 | 0.070 | 0.678 | 2.68 | 2.5% |
| 7 | Pul 010 | 0.070 | 0.810 | 2.70 | |
| 8 | Hlg 010 | 0.076 | 0.651 | 2.92 | |
| 9 | Mq6C3 | 0.085 | 0.774 | 3.27 | 3% |
| 10 | Hlg 1020 | 0.081 | 0.724 | 3.44 | 3.5% |
| 11 | Mq6C1 | 0.095 | 0.689 | 3.62 | |
| 12 | Vin 1020 | 0.102 | 0.840 | 3.88 | |
| 13 | Mq5C2 | 0.121 | 0.791 | 4.57 | 4.5% |
| 14 | BautaP5 | 0.133 | 0.775 | 5.03 | |
| 15 | Cfg 1020 | 0.144 | 0.978 | 5.45 | 5.5% |
| 16 | Mq5C3 | 0.144 | 0.841 | 5.46 | |
| 17 | Hbn 010 | 0.164 | 1.004 | 6.18 | ≥5% |
Using these values, the equation that shows the existence of a linear correlation between both variables was calculated, whose graph is shown in Figure 1. It shows a directly proportional relationship, obtaining values 2.3 times higher in the optical density of the extract with basic EDTA measured at 520 nm in contrast to those determined in the H2SO4- K2Cr2O7 extract at 650 nm. The correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.76) was similar to that obtained by Card (2004)CARD, S.: Evaluation of two field methods to estimate soil organic matter in Alberta soils, Ed. AESA Soil Quality Monitoring Program AB, Canada, 2004. when making a similar comparison in 41 soils from Alberta, Canada (R2 = 0.67), being this relationship valid in soils with organic matter contents lower than 6%.
The high correlation coefficients obtained allow this method to be used as an alternative to wet digestion, avoiding the risks associated with handling highly toxic reagents, as well as the environmental impact resulting from the generation of toxic waste.
Regarding the principle of the method, NaOH works by solubilizing organic carbon and EDTA acts as a chelating agent, increasing the efficiency of this process (Bowman and Moir 1993BOWMAN, R.; MOIR, J.: “Basic EDTA as an extractant for soil organic phosphorus”, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57(6): 1516-1518, 1993, ISSN: 0361-5995.). However, the texture and the percentage and size of soil aggregates can affect the result of the determination, over or underestimating their contents. This occurs due to the physical protective effect of the aggregates on organic matter (Balesdent et al., 2000BALESDENT, J.; CHENU, C.; BALABANE, M.: “Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage”, Soil and tillage research, 53(3-4): 215-230, 2000, ISSN: 0167-1987.; Le Bissonnais, 2023LE BISSONNAIS, Y.: “Soil characteristics and aggregate stability”, En: Soil erosion, conservation, and rehabilitation, Ed. CRC Press, pp. 41-60, 2023.; Even & Cotrufo, 2024EVEN, R.J.; COTRUFO, M.F.: “The ability of soils to aggregate, more than the state of aggregation, promotes protected soil organic matter formation”, Geoderma, 442: 116760, 2024, ISSN: 0016-7061.) and the greater difficulty of dispersion in clayey soils due to their mineralogical characteristics and the interaction of clays with organic matter (Nelson et al., 1999; Plante et al., 2006PLANTE, A.F.; CONANT, R.T.; STEWART, C.E.; PAUSTIAN, K.; SIX, J.: “Impact of soil texture on the distribution of soil organic matter in physical and chemical fractions”, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(1): 287-296, 2006, ISSN: 0361-5995.; Huang & Hartemink, 2020HUANG, J.; HARTEMINK, A.E.: “Soil and environmental issues in sandy soils”, Earth-Science Reviews, 208: 103295, 2020, ISSN: 0012-8252.). Thus, we consider that, in soils with a clayey texture, vertic characteristics or high levels of aggregation, the pulverization in the mortar and the stirring and filtration times should be increased.
On the other hand, although there is a high correlation between soil color and its organic matter content (Shulze et al., 1993SCHULZE, D.G.; NAGEL, J.L.; VAN SCOYOC, G.E.; HENDERSON, T.L.; BAUMGARDNER, M.F.; STOTT, D.: “Significance of organic matter in determining soil colors”, Soil color, 31: 71-90, 1993.; Wu et al., 2018WU, C.; XIA, J.; YANG, H.; YANG, Y.; ZHANG, Y.; CHENG, F.: “Rapid determination of soil organic matter content based on soil colour obtained by a digital camera”, International journal of remote sensing, 39(20): 6557-6571, 2018, ISSN: 0143-1161.), the evident differences in soil color related to mineralogical characteristics and pedological processes must also be taken into account in the field implementation of this method.
Conclusions
⌅The study demonstrated that determining soil organic matter content using the EDTA extraction method described by Bowman in 1997BOWMAN, R.: Field Methods to Estimate Soil Organic Matter, [en línea], 1997, Disponible en: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30100000/1990-1999documents/336%201997%20Bowman%20Conserv%20Tillage%20Fact%20Sht.pdf. is a simple, economical, and easy-to-implement alternative, both in field and laboratory conditions, enabling rapid and effective responses to this fundamental indicator of soil quality and health. However, there are limitations to its application under specific soil texture, aggregation, and color conditions, which require further analysis in order to propose standardized variations of the methodology.