Introduction
⌅The constant growth of the world's population, along with economic and social development, are the main drivers of the increasing global energy demand. This is currently supported by fossil fuels, which impedes long-term sustainability (Bilandzija et al., 2018BILANDZIJA, N.; VOCA, N.; JELCIC, B.; JURISIC, V.; MATIN, A.; GRUBOR, M.; KRICKA, T.: “Evaluation of Croatian agricultural solid biomass energy potential”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 93: 225-230, 2018, ISSN: 1364-0321.; González et al., 2020GONZÁLEZ, L.Z.; TORRES, G.A.P.; GONZÁLEZ, A.V.: “Educación en energías renovables desde el enfoque CTS”, Libro de Actas, 843, 2020.; León et al., 2021LEÓN, M.J.A.; MOREJÓN, M.Y.; MELCHOR, O.G.C.; ROSABAL, P.L.M.; QUINTANA, A.R.; HERNÁNDEZ, C.G.: “Dimensionamiento de un parque solar fotovoltaico para el Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria (CEMA)”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 30(4), 2021, ISSN: 2071-0054.). These fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, and oil) remain the dominant energy source in the global economy. However, if their consumption continues at the current rate, resources will be depleted within several decades due to their limited supply (Asakereh et al., 2017ASAKEREH, A.; SOLEYMANI, M.; SHEIKHDAVOODI, M.J.: “A GIS-based Fuzzy-AHP method for the evaluation of solar farms locations: Case study in Khuzestan province, Iran”, Solar Energy, 155: 342-353, 2017, ISSN: 0038-092X.; Al-Shetwi, 2022AL-SHETWI, A.Q.: “Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges”, Science of The Total Environment, 822: 153-645, 2022, ISSN: 0048-9697.). Furthermore, there are many negative consequences of fossil fuel use, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. To prevent the rapid increase in greenhouse gases, the key is energy efficiency and/or switching to renewable energy sources (Huang et al., 2017HUANG, A.W.K.; CHEN, W.; ANANDARAJAH, G.: “The role of technology diffusion in a decarbonizing world to limit global warming to well below 2 C: An assessment with application of Global TIMES model”, Applied energy, 208: 291-301, 2017, ISSN: 0306-2619.). Global energy consumption has significantly increased pressure on fossil fuels, resulting in an increase in the effects of global warming and climate change. Consequently, the global ambient temperature is expected to increase by approximately 2°C by 2050 due to polluting emissions from non-renewable energy resources (Bastida et al., 2019BASTIDA, L.; COHEN, J.J.; KOLLMANN, A.; MOYA, A.; REICHL, J.: “Exploring the role of ICT on household behavioural energy efficiency to mitigate global warming”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 103: 455-462, 2019, ISSN: 1364-0321.; Al-Shetwi, 2022AL-SHETWI, A.Q.: “Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges”, Science of The Total Environment, 822: 153-645, 2022, ISSN: 0048-9697.).
Currently, renewable energy is a sustainable and technically viable option for energy production and contributes a significant portion of electricity production in several countries (Muñoz et al., 2018MUÑOZ, A.Y.; RUBIO, G.A.; MENTADO, D.C.I.: “Los incentivos económico-financieros por el empleo de las fuentes renovables de energía. Marco jurídico en Cuba y Ecuador”, Revista Universidad y Sociedad, 10(2): 53-60, 2018, ISSN: 2218-3620.; González et al., 2020GONZÁLEZ, L.Z.; TORRES, G.A.P.; GONZÁLEZ, A.V.: “Educación en energías renovables desde el enfoque CTS”, Libro de Actas, 843, 2020.; León et al., 2021LEÓN, M.J.A.; MOREJÓN, M.Y.; MELCHOR, O.G.C.; ROSABAL, P.L.M.; QUINTANA, A.R.; HERNÁNDEZ, C.G.: “Dimensionamiento de un parque solar fotovoltaico para el Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria (CEMA)”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 30(4), 2021, ISSN: 2071-0054.). Renewable energy is a promising alternative to alleviate the environmental, economic, and energy complications associated with the ever-increasing energy demand to meet the development and growth needs of the human population. However, despite all efforts to efficiently implement and harness renewable energy sources, greater public trust, policies, legislation, economic incentives, and education are needed to promote the growth, development, and implementation of these technologies (Zuñiga y Valenzuela, 2020ZUÑIGA, L.Y.; VALENZUELA, G.A.: “Educación en energías renovables desde el enfoque CTS”, Pensamiento y Acción, 28: 47-59, 2020.).
The Sustainable Development Agenda's 2030 objective is to guarantee access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. This objective emphasizes the need to substantially increase the percentage of renewable energy, improve energy efficiency, and promote investments in clean infrastructure and technologies, among other aspects aspects (Casimiro et al., 2021CASIMIRO, R.L.; RAMÍREZ, H.G.; MARTÍN, M.G.: “Uso de las energías renovables en las fincas familiares, sus potencialidades y desafíos en la transición de la matriz energética local”, Eco Solar, (78): 19-27, 2021, ISSN: 1028-6004.).
In Cuba, electricity production depends largely on fossil fuels, making it a national priority to enhance environmental sustainability through a shift in the energy mix and the use of renewable energy sources. Therefore, it is a viable alternative for transforming the Cuban economy and reducing the pollution generated by electricity production from fossil fuels (Lorenzo, 2017LORENZO, A.J.A.: “Cálculo de instalación. Manual para instalaciones fotovoltaicas autónomas”, Era solar: Energías renovables, (197): 6-15, 2017, ISSN: 0212-4157.).
Currently, there is no proposal for the comprehensive use of renewable energy sources to replace conventional sources used on small farms dedicated to agricultural production. This is the case of the Robeba farm, which is why a feasibility study was conducted to implement a suitable anaerobic biodigestion technology on the farm.
Materials and Methods
⌅The Robeba farm, belonging to the Orlando Cuellar CCS, is located at 22°59′58.86″ North latitude and 82°08′11.75″ West longitude in the municipality of San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque province. The total area is 47 ha, with typical Red Ferralitic soil throughout (Hernández et al., 2015HERNÁNDEZ, J.A.; PÉREZ, P.; BOSCH, I.D.; CASTRO, S.N.: Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas, San José de las Lajas, Cuba, 91 p, Ed. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas, ed., San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba, 91 p., 2015, ISBN: 959-7023-77-6.). It has a flat terrain and an altitude of 80 m above sea level.
Meteorological variables recorded at the Tapaste Meteorological Station, San José de las Lajas, during the period January-September 2023, showed that the maximum temperatures reached in the region exceeded 32°C between June and September, and the coldest temperatures dropped on average to 21.1°C in January. Precipitation increased starting in June, with the highest average values in May and August, with 72 and 77 mm, respectively. Relative humidity ranged from 47% (minimum in March) to 84% (maximum in September), while wind speed reached a maximum of 3.6 km/h (2.2 mph) during August. The behavior of these climatic variables allows for the satisfactory development of agricultural production.
The farm has 10 milking cows, which remain housed 25% of the day. These achieved an average daily milk production of 6.9 L/cow in 2023, giving this farm a daily production potential of 69 L/day.
They also have 100 fattening pigs housed around the clock. These pigs remain housed for only three months and are then sold under an agreement with the state, at a price of 180 pesos/lb. Herd movement in the study scenario is reflected in Table 1.
| Herd Movement | Initial Stock | Final Stock | Animals/day | Average Mass, kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cows | 10 | 10 | 10 | 400 |
| Pigs | 100 | 100 | 100 | 45 |
As a result of the study, electrical energy consumption at the Robeba farm during 2022 was analyzed, revealing an average monthly consumption equivalent to 3,767 kW.
The existing equipment and resources in the scenario under study, as well as their operating time, make it possible to determine the energy consumption per operation, as well as the percentage representation of each energy source. These results are reflected in Table 2.
| Electrical media and equipment | Power, kW | Quantity | Operating time, h | Energy consumed per day, kWh/day | Percentage, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water pump | 18.5 | 1 | 3.5 | 64.75 | 51.57 |
| Lighting | 0.4 | 10 | 12.0 | 48.00 | 38.22 |
| Household consumption | 0.53 | 1 | 24.0 | 12.83 | 10.21 |
| Total | 125.58 | ||||
This farm consumes 125.58 kWh of electricity daily, demonstrating the consumption of this production scenario. It is worth noting that water pumping alone accounts for 51.57% of the daily energy consumed.
To establish specific methodologies for sizing the different anaerobic biodigestion systems, the principles proposed by Morejón et al. (2022)MOREJÓN, M.; TORRICO, A.; MORENO, M.V.; ABRIL, H.D.A.: Fundamentos para la introducción de las fuentes de energía renovables en sistemas agropecuarios. Caso de estudio: Introducción de biodigestores en fincas pertenecientes al departamento Cundinamarca, Colombia, Ed. CienciAgro., Cundinamarca, Colombia, Depósito Legal: 4-1- 4299-2022. Publicado en: La Paz-Bolivia, por el Instituto Agrario Bolivia, con el sello editorial CienciAgro., 2022, ISBN: 978-9917-9928-0-6. are considered.
Methodology for the sizing and installation of anaerobic biodigesters
⌅To calculate the design parameters of an anaerobic biodigester, according to Guardado (2007) and Morejón et al. (2022)MOREJÓN, M.; TORRICO, A.; MORENO, M.V.; ABRIL, H.D.A.: Fundamentos para la introducción de las fuentes de energía renovables en sistemas agropecuarios. Caso de estudio: Introducción de biodigestores en fincas pertenecientes al departamento Cundinamarca, Colombia, Ed. CienciAgro., Cundinamarca, Colombia, Depósito Legal: 4-1- 4299-2022. Publicado en: La Paz-Bolivia, por el Instituto Agrario Bolivia, con el sello editorial CienciAgro., 2022, ISBN: 978-9917-9928-0-6., it is necessary to know the input data and the data that must be determined (Table 3).
The daily amount of material (DBM) is directly related to the amount of biomass generated, whether domestic, agricultural, or animal waste. In addition, the maximum yield and production increase plans must be taken into account.
| Parameters Input data | Unit |
|---|---|
| Daily biomass generated (Bmd) | kg dia-1 |
| Excrete-water ratio (N) | kg L -1 |
| Biogas yield (Y) | m3 kg-1 |
| Hydraulic retention time (HRT) | día |
| Output data | |
| Daily volume of material (manure and water mixture) (Vdm) | kg dia-1 |
| Biodigester volume (Vbiodig) | m3 |
| Daily volume of biogas produced (G) | m3 dia-1 |
| Biogas containment volume (V2) | m3 |
| Surge tank volume (Vtc) | m3 |
The amount of daily biomass generated (Bmd) is determined through the following expression:
where: Ca- Number of animals; Ce- Amount of excrement per animal, kg/day; Rp- Ratio of the average live weight of the animal population to the tabulated equivalent live weight; Rt- Fraction of housing time relative to day length, h/day
where: PVp = Average live weight of the animal population, kg; PVe = Tabulated equivalent live weight; Te = Hours per day the animal remains housed, h/day
The daily volume of material (a mixture of manure and water) (Vdm) is simply the sum of the residual and the dilution of the biomass (residual and water).
where: N: Excrement-to-water ratio, kg L-1. It is important to know that the density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Meanwhile, the volume of the biodigester (Vbiodig) is calculated by taking into account the volume of material (manure and water mixture) Vdm entering the biodigester and the retention time TRH.
The daily volume of biogas (G) produced is then calculated:
where: Y - Biogas yield, m3 kg-1
Biogas yield (Y) is determined by the expression:
where: X - energy conversion coefficient of the excreta produced daily, or the daily biogas production based on the type of organic waste, m3/day.
For all types of biodigesters, the volume of the compensation tank (Vtc) is equivalent to the volume of gas produced, or ranges from 25 to 30% of the biodigester volume.
In the specific case of the calculations for the sizing of a fixed-dome biodigester (characterized by its three parts: conical, cylindrical, and spherical cap, represented in Figure 1), the following are presented.
The steps to follow for its use are as follows:
-
The total volume of the biodigester (V_biodig) is calculated based on the volume of the water-manure mixture and the retention time, as shown in expression 4 .
-
The radius of the predefined volume (R) is calculated
To calculate the radius of the predefined volume (R), the following expression is used:
where: R - Basic radius, m
Given the predefined radius of the volume (R), the unit is determined in meters (U = R/4).
where: U - Proportional unit
This proportional unit allows the determination of the remaining denominations by replacing U in the following proportions:
where: Rc = Dome radius, m; D = Diameter, m; hc = Dome height, m; hp = Cylinder height, m; ht = Base cone height, m
After determining the main geometric parameters, the volumes corresponding to the base cone, cylinder, and spherical segment of the dome are determined:
Results and Discussion
⌅Technical-Economic Assessment of the Introduction of a Biodigester under the Conditions of the Robeba Farm
⌅To determine the appropriate biodigester technology to install under the conditions of the Robeba farm, part of the Orlando Cuellar CCS, the sizing and construction costs of the fixed-dome and tubular polyethylene biodigester technologies were taken into consideration. This analysis was used to determine which of the two technologies would be more feasible based on construction costs or market acquisition costs.
For the correct sizing of the fixed-dome biodigester, the following parameters must be determined:
-
Daily biomass generated (Bmd);
-
Daily volume of material (manure and water mixture) (Vdm);
-
Biodigester volume (Vbiodig);
-
Fermentation chamber volume (Vcf);
-
Cylinder volume (V1);
-
Biogas containment volume (V2);
-
Base cone volume (V3);
-
Volume of the surge tank (Vtc).
On the other hand, to determine the potential energy input to be obtained based on the number of animals available, the following parameters must be determined:
Before proceeding with the aforementioned determinations, the herd movement in the scenario under study must be known, as listed in Table 1.
The results obtained from each of these sizing parameters are represented in Table 4 and Figure 2. These values are obtained from the herd movement designed by Nivio Pérez, owner of the Robeba farm, during the 2022-2023 period, as represented in the previous table.
Taking into account the foundations established by Morejón et al. (2022)MOREJÓN, M.; TORRICO, A.; MORENO, M.V.; ABRIL, H.D.A.: Fundamentos para la introducción de las fuentes de energía renovables en sistemas agropecuarios. Caso de estudio: Introducción de biodigestores en fincas pertenecientes al departamento Cundinamarca, Colombia, Ed. CienciAgro., Cundinamarca, Colombia, Depósito Legal: 4-1- 4299-2022. Publicado en: La Paz-Bolivia, por el Instituto Agrario Bolivia, con el sello editorial CienciAgro., 2022, ISBN: 978-9917-9928-0-6., that for every 350 kg of cattle, 10 kg of excreta are obtained, generating 0.36 m3 of biogas/day, with a 1:1-3 excreta-water ratio (using a 1:1 ratio) and with a recommended retention time of 40 days.
For pigs, it can be assumed that for every 50 kg, 2.25 kg of excreta are obtained, generating 0.10 m3 of biogas/day, with a 1:1-3 excreta-water ratio (using a 1:1 ratio) and with a recommended retention time of 40 days. This allows determining the sizing of the tubular polyethylene biodigester for these species and numbers of animals.
| Source of raw material | Animal / day | Average Mass, kg | Bm, kg/day | Vdm, m3/day | Vbiodig, m3 | V1, m3 | V2, m3 | V3, m3 | Vcf, m3 | Vtc, m3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cows | 10 | 400 | 28.5 | 0.462 | 18.5 | 12.41 | 3.44 | 1.65 | 4.5 | 5.5 |
| Pigs | 100 | 45 | 202.5 |
Based on the values obtained from the sizing of the fixed-dome biodigester, it is proposed that this biodigester have a volume of 20 m3, to facilitate the installation process and the acquisition of the necessary materials. To determine the energy input, the amount of biomass generated daily, the biogas yield, and the daily biogas volume are considered (Table 5).
| Source of raw material | Animal / day | Average Mass,kg | Bmd, kg/día | Y, m3/kg | G, m3/día |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cows | 10 | 400 | 28,5 | 0,080 | 18,5 |
| Pigs | 100 | 45 | 202,5 |
To estimate the cost of the construction and installation of the fixed-dome biodigester system (excluding labor), Table 6 lists the materials required for the construction and installation of the technology.
| Materials | UM | Quantity | Price**, weight/u | Cost, peso* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cement | Bags | 90 | 183 | 16 470 |
| Sand | m3 | 6 | 160 | 960 |
| Gravel (38 mm) | m3 | 7 | 200 | 1 400 |
| 15 cm Block | u | 480 | 10 | 4 800 |
| Solid Brick | u | 650 | 8 | 5 200 |
| 3/8 Steel | kg | 162 | 10 | 1 620 |
| 1/4 Steel | kg | 24 | 12,5 | 300 |
| Nails | kg | 3 | 50 | 150 |
| Wire for tying rebar | kg | 5 | 25 | 125 |
| Wood for formwork | m3 | 0,3 | 120 | 36 |
| Excavation | m3 | 38 | 25 | 950 |
| Backfill | m3 | 18 | 20 | 360 |
| Pipes for biogas collection and transportation | Accessories: Unions, elbows, PVC cleaner and glue, shut-off valves (quantity varies depending on distance from warehouses) | 1 550 | 1 550 | |
| Pipes for manure supply | 110 mm (4”) pipes (2): 5 m/cubic meter | 300 | 600 | |
| Total | 34 871 | |||
*Peso: refers to the national currency (MN); the exchange rate is 25 MN = 1 USD.
** Construction material prices are established by the Ministry of Domestic Trade (MINCIN) in Cuba.
In the case of the polyethylene tubular biodigester variant, the materials required for the construction and installation of the technology are listed in Table 7, to have an estimate of the cost of the construction and installation process (without considering labor), to have greater accuracy in the economic values, the main dimensions for a 20 m3 biodigester were determined, these are reflected in Figure 3.
| Materials | UM | Quantity | Precio unitario, peso/u | Costo, peso |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyethylene module m3 20 6,250 (per 10 m3) 12,500 | Polyethylene module m3 20 6,250 (per 10 m3) 12,500 | Polyethylene module m3 20 6,250 (per 10 m3) 12,500 | Polyethylene module m3 20 6,250 (per 10 m3) 12,500 | Polyethylene module m3 20 6,250 (per 10 m3) 12,500 |
| Excavation m3 17 25,425 | Excavation m3 17 25,425 | Excavation m3 17 25,425 | Excavation m3 17 25,425 | Excavation m3 17 25,425 |
| Pipes for biogas collection and transportation. Accessories: Unions, elbows, PVC cleaner and glue, shut-off valves (quantity varies depending on distance from buildings). | Pipes for biogas collection and transportation. Accessories: Unions, elbows, PVC cleaner and glue, shut-off valves (quantity varies depending on distance from buildings). | Pipes for biogas collection and transportation. Accessories: Unions, elbows, PVC cleaner and glue, shut-off valves (quantity varies depending on distance from buildings). | Pipes for biogas collection and transportation. Accessories: Unions, elbows, PVC cleaner and glue, shut-off valves (quantity varies depending on distance from buildings). | |
| Total | 15 075 | |||
As can be seen in Tables 6 and 7, the cost of these technologies is not high, although there are differences between them. To better understand the aspects related to the sizing of both technologies, as well as the energy contribution to be obtained from the biogas produced by the introduction of these technological variants, Table 8 summarizes these design and energy values.
| Sizing parameters | Fixed Dome Biodigester | Tubular Polyethylene Biodigester |
|---|---|---|
| biodig, m3 | 18.5 | 18.5 |
| Vcf, m3 | 4.5 | - |
| Vtc, m3 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Vgas, m3 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Roll width (polyethylene), m | - | 2.0 |
| Roll length (polyethylene), m | - | 14.5 |
| Upper base of trench, m | - | 0.9 |
| Trench bottom base, m | - | 0.7 |
| Trench Height. m | - | 1.0 |
| Energy Parameters | ||
| Y. m3/kg 0.080 | 0.080 | |
| G. m3/day 18.5 | 18.5 | |
| Potential Energy Savings | ||
| Electricity. kWh 33.3 | 33.3 | |
| Natural Gas. m3 11.1 | 11.1 | |
| Charcoal. kg 5.55 | 5.55 | |
| Wood. kg 49.95 | 49.95 | |
| Gasoline. L 14.8 | 14.8 | |
| Fuel Alcohol. L 22.2 | 22.2 | |
| Fuel Oil. L 12.95 | 12.95 | |
| Biofertilizer Production kg/day 201.3 | 201.3 | |
In the case of the fixed dome biodigester, considering the investment required for construction materials. which amounts to a cost of 34.871 pesos and if this is analyzed in terms of the energy savings to be obtained. for gasoline with a daily equivalent production of 14.8 L. from the price of this fuel which is equivalent to 25 pesos. daily savings of 370 pesos would be obtained. therefore in one year (considering 365 days) this saving would be equivalent to 135.050 pesos. which shows that in just three months of operation the investment in materials required for construction is recovered and a profit of 100.179 pesos is obtained in the remainder of the year. Similarly. if the same analysis is performed. but considering the electricity savings based on the potential generation to be obtained with the use of biogas. which amounts to 14.86 kWh per day. and using the rate established by the Electric Company in Cuba:
-
From 0 kWh to 100 kWh: 0.33;
-
From 101 kWh to 150 kWh: 1.07;
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From 151 kWh to 200 kWh: 1.43;
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From 201 kWh to 250 kWh: 2.46;
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Over 250 kWh: 3.12 per kWh.
This would result in an average monthly savings of 890 pesos. which translates to an annual savings equivalent to 10.680 pesos. This demonstrates that the investment in the materials required for construction is recovered in just 3.4 years of operation. resulting in a profit of 16.6 years. considering that the useful life of a fixed-dome biodigester is 20 years. These elements demonstrate the economic feasibility of the proposal analyzed. For the tubular polyethylene biodigester. the investment required for construction materials amounts to a cost of 15.075 pesos. If this is analyzed in terms of the energy savings to be obtained. only for gasoline with a daily equivalent production of 6.60 L. based on the price of this fuel which is equivalent to 25 pesos. a daily saving of 165 pesos would be obtained. Therefore. in one year (considering 365 days) this saving would be equivalent to 60.225 pesos. This shows that in just three months of operation. the investment in materials required for construction is recovered and a profit of 45.150 pesos is obtained for the remainder of the year. This element demonstrates the economic feasibility of the proposal. Similarly. if the same analysis is performed. but considering the electricity savings based on the potential generation to be obtained with the use of biogas. which amounts to 33.3 kWh per day. and using the rate established by the Electric Company in Cuba:
-
From 0 kWh to 100 kWh: 0.33;
-
From 101 kWh to 150 kWh: 1.07;
-
From 151 kWh to 200 kWh: 1.43
-
From 201 kWh to 250 kWh: 2.46;
-
Over 250 kWh: 3.12 per kWh.
This would result in an average monthly savings of 2.721 pesos. which represents an annual savings equivalent to 32.652 pesos. This shows that the investment in construction materials is recovered in just 1.1 years of operation. resulting in a profit of 3.9 years. considering that the useful life of a tubular polyethylene biodigester is 5 years. These elements demonstrate the economic feasibility of the analyzed proposal. It is worth noting that the proper sizing of this type of technology promotes maximum utilization of the waste obtained in production scenarios.
As evidenced in Table 8. the installation of biodigesters in agricultural production units constitutes an energetically viable option. to which must be added the contribution to environmental conservation and care. Therefore. to adopt biodigestion technology on the farm under study. the introduction of a tubular polyethylene biodigester is economically advisable. With the introduction of this technology. it would be possible to:
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Generate electricity to power the water pump. lighting. and the home. which requires a 20 kW biogas generator. considering all energy sources. If water pumping is excluded. a 1 kW biogas generator would be required. According to the Chinese company Shenzhen Teenwin Environment Co. the price of these biogas generators ranges from $550 to $1.250 (13.750 to $31.250 Mexican pesos).
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In addition. it is possible to obtain 201.3 kg/day of biofertilizers. representing an economic contribution of $2.516 pesos (100.65 USD). based on the international market price of biofertilizers. which reaches $500/t (12.500 pesos/t).
Conclusions
⌅-
To meet the farm's energy demand. the installation of a polyethylene tubular biodigester is suggested. given its low installation costs.
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With the installation of a 20 m3 polyethylene tubular biodigester. it is possible to produce 201.3 kg/day of biofertilizers. representing a daily economic contribution of 2.516 peso (USD 100.65). which constitutes added value. in addition to the energy and economic benefits obtained.
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With the introduction of anaerobic biodigestion technology. it is possible to generate electricity to supply and operate lighting and household consumption. which requires the acquisition of a 1 kW biogas generator.