Introduction
⌅Soil quality, according to Nasir et al. (2024)NASIR, M.J.; HAIDER, M.F.; ALI, Z.; AKHTAR, W.; ALAM, S.: “Evaluation of soil quality through simple additive soil quality index (SQI) of Tehsil Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan”, Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 23(1): 42-54, 2024, ISSN: 1658-077X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2023.09.001., is defined as its capacity or aptitude to support the growth of crops without this resulting in soil degradation or environmental damage, and is established as a result of associating the condition of the soil with characteristics necessary for a specific use (aptitude). An indicator is a parameter or a value derived from parameters that provides information, describes the properties, processes and characteristics, with the purpose of monitoring the effects of management on the functioning of the soil in a given period, with an extended meaning beyond that directly associated with the parameter value (Vasu et al., 2016VASU, D.; SINGH, S.K.; RAY, S.; DURAISAMI, V.P.; TIWARY, P.; CHANDRAN, P.; NIMKAR, A.M.; ANANTWAR, S.G.: “Soil quality index (SQI) as a tool to evaluate crop productivity in semi-arid Deccan plateau, India”, Geoderma, 282: 70-79, 2016, ISSN: 0016-7061, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.010.).
Prieto et al. (2013)PRIETO, M.J.; PRIETO, G.F.; ACEVEDO, S.O.; MÉNDEZ, M.M.A.: “Indicadores e índices de calidad de los suelos (ICS) cebaderos del sur del estado de Hidalgo, México”, Agronomía mesoamericana, 24(1): 83-91, 2013, ISSN: 1659-1321. point out that these indicators must be limited in number, manageable by various types of users, simple, easy to measure and have a high degree of aggregation. They must contemplate the greatest diversity of situations and have a variation over time such that it is possible to monitor them. Likewise, they should not have a high sensitivity to climatic and/or environmental changes but sufficient to detect the changes produced by the use and management of resources.
According to the technical instructions for the nutrition and fertilization of rice cultivation in Cuba proposed by Mairura et al. (2007)MAIRURA, F.; MUGENDI, D.; MWANJE, J.; RAMISCH, J.; MBUGUA, P.; CHIANU, J.: “Integrating scientific and farmers’ evaluation of soil quality indicators in Central Kenya”, Geoderma, 139(1-2): 134-143, 2007, ISSN: 0016-7061., among the chemical elements to take into account to obtain optimal yields are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and silicon. Other trace elements such as iron, manganese and zinc are considered present at a micro level in the soil, while sodium is considered a harmful ion due to its dispersing action on soil colloids and toxic to rice.
On the other hand, research carried out by Sys (1985)SYS, C.: Land evaluation., [en línea], Land evaluation”, Parts I, II,III. ITC Lecture Notes ed., University of Ghent, Belgium, 343 p., 1985, Disponible en:https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19881924050.; FAO (1991)FAO: Soil Resources, and Conservation Service. Guidelines: land evaluation for extensive grazing, no. No. 58. Food&Agriculture Org, Inst. Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. Italy, 1991.; Horuz & Dengİz (2018)HORUZ, A.; DENGİZ, O.: “The relationships between some physico-chemical properties and nutrient element content of paddy raised on alluvial land in Terme region.”, Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(1): 58-67, 2018.; Dengiz (2020)DENGIZ, O.: “Soil quality index for paddy fields based on standard scoring functions and weight allocation method”, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66(3): 301-315, 2020, ISSN: 0365-0340, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1610880.; Trigoso et al. (2023)TRIGOSO, B.D.; FLORIDA, R.N.; RENGIFO, R.A.: “Indicadores Fisicoquímicos del suelo con Manejo Convencional Del Arroz (Oriza sativa L.) Bajo Riego”, LA GRANJA. Revista de Ciencias de la Vida, 37(1): 117-129, 2023, ISSN: 1390-8596, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n37.2023.09. raise the need to also know the salt content, texture, pH, cation exchange capacity and organic matter content in the soil. To interpret the condition of the soil in terms of quality, indicators or indices are used that simplify and quantify its properties (Prasad et al., 2017PRASAD, R.; NEWAJ, R.; SINGH, R.; SAROJ, N.; TRIPATHI, V.; SHUKLA, A.; SINGH, P.; CHATURVEDI, O.: “Soil quality index (SQI) for assessing soil health of agroforestry system: effect of Hardwickia binata Roxb. tree density on SQI in Bundelkhand, central India”, Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 19(2): 38-45, 2017, ISSN: 0972-0715.). However, in Cuba no studies have been reported that allow an indicator to evaluate the suitability of soils for rice cultivation.
In the province of Holguín, as a measure to confront climate change to increase food production, the East-West transfer is being developed in the municipality of Mayarí, which will benefit more than 2,000 hectares, mostly dedicated to rice cultivation, so access to water will be guaranteed. Given the extension of the available area and that, it mostly has Vertic soils, it is necessary to have an indicator to know the suitability of the lands in the region to extend this crop. Due to the above, the objective of the research is to introduce a quality indicator in a Vertisol dedicated to rice cultivation that later could be estimated by indirect methods like remote sensing or machine learning.
Materials and methods
⌅The experimental area belongs to the Guatemala Agricultural Company, CCS Tomás Machado of the town of Cosme Herrera located at 20°44'54.601"N and 75°50'43.743"W of the Mayarí municipality in the Holguín province (Figure 1). In it, more than 100 hectares are dedicated to rice cultivation with the prospect of an increase to 2000 hectares due to the potential in this area for irrigation from the supply of water from the East-West Transfer for rice cultivation, as already indicated.
In the study area, according to data from the Guaro meteorological station, located at 20.96 meters above sea level at 20º40'21”N and 75º46'57” W in the municipality of Mayarí, the average annual precipitation is 1067.6 mm and the average annual temperature of 25.6 °C as reported by Villazón et al. (2021VILLAZÓN, G.J.A.; NORIS, N.P.; MARTÍN, G.G.: “Determinación de la precipitación efectiva en áreas agropecuarias de la provincia de Holguín”, Idesia (Arica), 39(2): 85-90, 2021, ISSN: 0718-3429, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292021000200085.; 2023)VILLAZÓN, G.J.A.; NORIS, N.P.; GARCÍA, R.R.A.; CRUZ, P.M.: “Análisis temporal de la agresividad y concentración de las precipitaciones en áreas agropecuarias de la provincia de Holguín, Cuba”, Idesia (Arica), 41(3): 77-86, 2023, ISSN: 0718-3429, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34292023000300077..
The characteristic soil of the area is of the chromic Vertisol type Hernández et al. (2015)HERNÁNDEZ, J.A.; PÉREZ, J.J.M.; MESA, N.A.; BOSCH, I.D.; RIVERO, L.; CAMACHO, E.: Nueva versión de la clasificación genética de los suelos de Cuba., Ed. AGRINFOR, La Habana, Cuba, ISBN: 959-246-022-1, Barcaz L L ed., vol. I, La Habana, Cuba, 93 p., 2015, ISBN: 959-246-022-1. with a slope < 2% so it can be considered flat. In the area of 100 ha, a systematic sampling was carried out at 100 georeferenced points with a GPS with an appreciation of 3 m, at a distance between points of 100 m. The samples were taken in the depth range between 0 to 0.20 m because this depth is where the highest content of radicles and roots of the rice crop is found, capable of absorbing water and the nutritional elements necessary for its growth and development. (Angladette et al., 1969ANGLADETTE, A.; RIPOLL, V.; PALOMEQUE, F.: “El arroz”, En: Ed. Barcelona: Blume, 1969, ISBN: ISBN 847313835X.).
Experimentally determined soil properties
⌅The soil properties that were evaluated are shown in Table 1. These properties indicated as important to evaluate the quality of soils, particularly for rice, were determined according to current Cuban standards in the National Network of Soil Laboratories.
No. | Name of soil property | Symbol | Unit | Analytic Technic |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | pH in water | pH H2O | unit | (NC 2001.2015) |
2 | Assimilable phosphorus | P2O5 | mg kg-1 | (NC 52.1999NORMA CUBANA (NC): “Determinación de las formas móviles de Fósforo y Potasio”,. NC: 52.1999, Oficina Nacional de Normalización, Cuba. 1999.) |
3 | Assimilable potassium | K2O | mg kg-1 | |
4 | Total nitrogen | Nt | % | (NC 11261: 2009NORMA CUBANA (NC): “Calidad del Suelo. Determinación del Nitrógeno total Método Kjeldahl”, NC: 11261.2009, Oficina Nacional de Normalización, Cuba. 2009.) |
5 | Organic Matter | OM | % | (NC 1043.2014NORMA CUBANA (NC): “Calidad del suelo-determinación de los componentes orgánicos”, NC: 1043.2014, Oficina Nacional de Normalización, Cuba. 2014.) |
6 | Calcium | Ca | cmol kg-1 | (NC 209:2002NORMA CUBANA (NC): “Calidad del Suelo. Determinación de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico y de los cationes intercambiables del suelo”, NC: 209.2002, Oficina Nacional de Normalización, Cuba. 2002. ) |
7 | Assimilable magnesium | Mg | cmol kg-1 | (NC 209:2002NORMA CUBANA (NC): “Calidad del Suelo. Determinación de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico y de los cationes intercambiables del suelo”, NC: 209.2002, Oficina Nacional de Normalización, Cuba. 2002. ) |
8 | Assimilable sodium | Na | cmol kg-1 | |
9 | Cation Exchange Capacity | CIC | cmol kg-1 | |
10 | Coarse sand | CS | % | (NC 11508: 2000) |
11 | Fine sand | FS | ||
12 | Lime | L | ||
13 | Clay | Clay | ||
14 | Electric Conductivity | EC | dS m -1 | (NC 776: 2010NORMA CUBANA (NC): “Calidad del Suelo. Evaluación de la afectación por salinidad”, NC: 776.2010, Oficina Nacional de Normalización, Cuba. 2010.) |
*NC: Cuban standard
Procedure for the determination of Soil Quality Index (SQI)
⌅The SQI determined itself in three separated steps are described in the as Table 2.
No. | Procedure | Method | Description | Equations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Selection of the minimum data set (MDS) | Factor analysis | Reduce the number of soil properties. It also identifies the relationship between the variables and their influence on the investigated samples. The factor loadings represent the correlations between the original variables and the extracted factors. To simplify the results of the factor analysis and interpret them more clearly, the Varimax with Kaiser normalization rotation is used (Aiuppa et al., 2003AIUPPA, A.; BELLOMO, S.; BRUSCA, L.; D’ALESSANDRO, W.; FEDERICO, C.: “Natural and anthropogenic factors affecting groundwater quality of an active volcano (Mt. Etna, Italy)”, Applied Geochemistry, 18(6): 863-882, 2003, ISSN: 0883-2927, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00182-8.; Behera y Das, 2018BEHERA, B.; DAS, M.: “Application of multivariate statistical techniques for the characterization of groundwater quality of Bacheli and Kirandul area, Dantewada district, Chattisgarh”, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 91(1): 76-80, 2018, ISSN: 0016-7622, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-0822-0.). | |||
2 | MDS Indicator Rating for | Standard Scoring Functions (SSF) | Used based on the importance of the soil property for crop development and growth. Each indicator was converted using SSF, normalized to a value between 0.1 and 1 depending on the characteristics of the soil indicators. Equation 1 was used when “lower is better” (LB) which expresses a lower value of The variable is required by the crop to a lesser extent the element or property of the soil. Equation 2 when “more is better” (MB) where a higher value of the variable is better and equation 3 was used when the range of the indicator is optimal (optimum, RO) (Nabiollahi et al., 2017NABIOLLAHI, K.; TAGHIZADEH-MEHRJARDI, R.; KERRY, R.; MORADIAN, S.: “Assessment of soil quality indices for salt-affected agricultural land in Kurdistan Province, Iran”, Ecological indicators, 83: 482-494, 2017, ISSN: 1470-160X.; Jiang et al., 2020JIANG, M.; XU, L.; CHEN, X.; ZHU, H.; FAN, H.: “Soil quality assessment based on a minimum data set: a case study of a county in the typical river delta wetlands”, Sustainability, 12(21): 9033, 2020, ISSN: 2071-1050, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219033.). |
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(1) | |
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(2) | |||||
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(3) | |||||
Where x is the value of the soil indicator at a sampled point, U2 and L1 are the upper and lower critical values of the soil indicator, L2 and U1 are the left and right ends of the optimal range which represent the optimal levels and of indicator deficiency in the soil respectively (Yuan et al., 2020YUAN, P.; WANG, J.; LI, C.; XIAO, Q.; LIU, Q.; SUN, Z.; WANG, J.; CAO, C.: “Soil quality indicators of integrated rice-crayfish farming in the Jianghan Plain, China using a minimum data set”, Soil and Tillage Research, 204: 104732, 2020, ISSN: 0167-1987, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104732.). | ||||||
3 | Comparative soil quality index | Soil Quality Index | The indicator scores were integrated into a comparative soil quality index using a simple weighted additive approach (Andrews et al., 2002ANDREWS, S.S.; KARLEN, D.; MITCHELL, J.: “A comparison of soil quality indexing methods for vegetable production systems in Northern California”, Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 90(1): 25-45, 2002, ISSN: 0167-8809.). | |||
Where: Wi is the weight of indicator i; If is the score of indicator i, which was calculated according to SSF; n is the MDS indicator number. |
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index was used to adapt the sampled values, indicating whether they are suitable for carrying out the factor analysis. Values greater than 0.50 indicate the suitability of the data for analysis. In addition, the Bartlett sphericity test is also used at a significance of p < 0.05, which complements ensuring the viability of the analysis (Mustafa, 2023MUSTAFA, A.: “Utilizing of principal component analysis and geographic information system approach for assessing soil quality index under different land uses: case study”, SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2): 41-53, 2023, ISSN: 2636-3801, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/svuijas.2023.210997.1285.). Variable loadings represent the weight of the variables on the factors. In general, variables with weights or loadings of 0.60 can be considered for the interpretation of the results, since they are significant for the evaluation of the components. The absolute value of the loading describes the influence of the variable and the principal component, the positive or negative sign shows the direction of the influence. Therefore, a high negative value represents that the factor is highly and negatively influenced by a variable (Lawrence & Upchurch, 1982LAWRENCE, F.W.; UPCHURCH, S.B.: “Identification of recharge areas using geochemical factor analysis”, Groundwater, 20(6): 680-687, 1982, ISSN: 0017-467X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1982.tb01387.x.).
Table 3 shows the upper to lower critical values of the soil for rice cultivation, according to (Guo et al., 2018GUO, S.; HAN, X.; LI, H.; WANG, T.; TONG, X.; REN, G.; FENG, Y.; YANG, G.: “Evaluation of soil quality along two revegetation chronosequences on the Loess Hilly Region of China”, Science of the Total Environment, 633: 808-815, 2018, ISSN: 0048-9697, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.210.; Saleh et al., 2021SALEH, A.M.; ELSHARKAWY, M.; ABDELRAHMAN, M.; ARAFAT, S.M.: “Evaluation of soil quality in arid western fringes of the Nile Delta for sustainable agriculture”, Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2021(1): 1-17, 2021, ISSN: 1687-7675, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1434692.).
Soil propertie | Standard Scoring Functions | Critical lower value | Critical Major Value |
---|---|---|---|
Nt | MB | 0,007 | 0.578 |
CE | LB | 0.09 | 0.76 |
Ca | LB | 18.2 | 154.7 |
OM (%) | MB | 0.9 | 4.12 |
P2O5 | MB | 1.0 | 72.1 |
K2O | MB | 2.0 | 147.95 |
Mg | LB | 50.0 | 250 |
Na | MB | 0,1 | 3,0 |
pH | Optimum range | 8.08 | 8.22 |
Clay | MB | 12.8 | 64.9 |
Sand | LB | 6.5 | 76.2 |
To classify the SQI obtained, the proposal by Dengiz (2020)DENGIZ, O.: “Soil quality index for paddy fields based on standard scoring functions and weight allocation method”, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66(3): 301-315, 2020, ISSN: 0365-0340, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1610880. formulated to determine the suitability of a soil for rice cultivation was used based on the analysis of its properties (Table 4).
Classes | Classification | SQI |
---|---|---|
I | Very low | < 0,40 |
II | Low | 0.40-0.50 |
III | Moderate | 0.50-0.65 |
IV | High | 0.65-0.85 |
V | Very High | >0.85 |
After the SQI was determined, the soil properties that make up this indicator were taken to a database that contains the necessary information for each sampling point, that is, the value of the soil quality indicator, and were projected into the coordinates of the WGS system. 1984 UTM Zone 18 North in ArcGIS 10.5.
Results and discussion
⌅Table 5 shows the results of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests. The value obtained in the KMO test is 0.580, which indicates that the adequacy of the sample for the factor analysis is within the permissible limits to carry out a factor analysis. In the case of Bartlett's test of sphericity, it illustrates an approximate Chi-square value of 1419.299 with 91 degrees of freedom and a significance of 0.000 which indicates that the correlations between the variables are not all zero, which justifies the application of factor analysis. software.
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin | KMO | 0.58 |
Bartlett sphericity | Chi-square | 1419.29 |
gl | 91.0 | |
Significance | 0.00 |
In the study carried out by Mustafa (2023)MUSTAFA, A.: “Utilizing of principal component analysis and geographic information system approach for assessing soil quality index under different land uses: case study”, SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2): 41-53, 2023, ISSN: 2636-3801, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/svuijas.2023.210997.1285. on the use of soil properties for the development of a GIS of quality indicators, he reports KMO values of 0.78 and Bartlett's sphericity with 141.2, indicating a good suitability of the sample and justifying the use of factor analysis in the identification of key factors such as soil fertility and textural properties.
The communalities indicate the proportion of the variance of each variable that is explained by the common factors extracted (Table 6). In the case of potassium, it has a communality of 0.94 in potassium, which shows that after extraction, 94.0% of the variance of this variable is explained by common factors. This suggests that potassium is well represented in the factor model. A high proportion of communality estimates suggests that a large portion of the variance was explained by the factor; therefore, it would obtain greater preference over a low communality estimate (Shukla et al., 2006SHUKLA, M.; LAL, R.; EBINGER, M.: “Determining soil quality indicators by factor analysis”, Soil and tillage research, 87(2): 194-204, 2006, ISSN: 0167-1987, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.03.011.).
In contrast, variables such as Coarse Sand, Fine Sand, Silt, and Clay have extremely low communalities after extraction (0.160; 0.026; 0.011; 0.013, respectively), indicating that these components are not well represented in the factor model. The low communality of these variables could be because the main factors extracted are not captured in the dimensions related to soil texture, or that these variables have a different structure in the specific context of the data.
Analyzed properties | Initial | Extraction |
---|---|---|
pH | 0.50 | 0.43 |
P2O5 | 0.52 | 0.48 |
K2O | 0.84 | 0.94 |
OM | 0.63 | 0.60 |
Ca | 0.87 | 0.96 |
Mg | 0.85 | 0.74 |
Na | 0.73 | 0.65 |
Coarse Sand | 0.92 | 0.16 |
Fine Sand | 0.99 | 0.02 |
Lime | 0.99 | 0.01 |
Clay | 0.99 | 0.01 |
EC | 0.64 | 0.61 |
Nt | 0.62 | 0.62 |
CIC | 0.37 | 0.21 |
The initial eigenvalues and percentage of explained variance (Table 7) indicate the amount of variance that each factor explains. The first factor has an eigenvalue of 4.75, which represents 33.93% of the total variance. The second and third factors explain 17.10% and 14.25% of the variance, respectively. In total, the three factors explain 65.28% of the accumulated variance, which is a good result.
Factor | Total | % of variance | % cumulative |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.750 | 33.92 | 33.92 |
2 | 2.39 | 17.10 | 51.03 |
3 | 1.99 | 14.25 | 65.28 |
Mairura et al. (2007)MAIRURA, F.; MUGENDI, D.; MWANJE, J.; RAMISCH, J.; MBUGUA, P.; CHIANU, J.: “Integrating scientific and farmers’ evaluation of soil quality indicators in Central Kenya”, Geoderma, 139(1-2): 134-143, 2007, ISSN: 0016-7061. obtained 68% of the variation in chemical and physical property data in four factors in determining soil quality indicators under different uses. The rotated factor matrix (Varimax) shows how the factor loadings are distributed after rotation, making interpretation easier.
Figure 2 shows the scree plot of the rotated factors that is used in the factor analysis to determine the appropriate number of axes or factors to retain by interpolating the eigenvalues. On the vertical axis and the number of factors on the horizontal axis, the results show that the eigenvalues, which represent the amount of variance explained by each factor, decrease as the factors increase, and that the first factors explain more variance, with eigenvalues of 4.75 for the first factor; 2.39 for the second factor and 2.0 for the third factor respectively, while as the factors increase, progressively less variability is explained.
As a trend, the point where an inflection takes place is selected to decide the number of axes to consider with a view to carrying out the analysis of major factors that affect the process (Méndez & Sepúlveda, 2012MÉNDEZ, C.M.J.; SEPÚLVEDA, M.A.: “Introducción al análisis factorial exploratorio”, Revista colombiana de psiquiatría, 41(1): 197-207, 2012, ISSN: 0034-7450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60077-9.). In this research it seems to be in the transition from the second to the third factor, so the first two factors would be those selected with a view to being able to clearly appreciate the influence of the selected properties on the major factors that affect the process.
Table 8 shows the rotated factor matrix. Factor 1 explains the variables such as potassium (-0.96), organic matter (0.74), total nitrogen (0.78) has high loads, suggesting that in this factor these chemical properties are more correlated with each other. Factor 2 is made up of calcium (0.98) and magnesium (-0.85) with the highest loadings.
Analyzed Properties | Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
---|---|---|
pH | -0.65 | 0.05 |
P2O5 | 0.68 | 0.12 |
K2O | -0.96 | -0.04 |
OM | 0.74 | -0.21 |
Ca | 0.03 | 0.98 |
Mg | -0.11 | -0.85 |
Na | 0.79 | 0.11 |
Coarse Sand | -0.05 | -0.39 |
Fine Sand | -0.14 | 0.08 |
Lime | 0.10 | -0.00 |
Clay | 0.09 | -0.06 |
EC | 0.74 | 0.25 |
Nt | 0.78 | 0.07 |
CIC | -0.29 | 0.35 |
Mairura et al. (2007)MAIRURA, F.; MUGENDI, D.; MWANJE, J.; RAMISCH, J.; MBUGUA, P.; CHIANU, J.: “Integrating scientific and farmers’ evaluation of soil quality indicators in Central Kenya”, Geoderma, 139(1-2): 134-143, 2007, ISSN: 0016-7061. state that pH is one of the soil properties that most affects the development of crops and that in turn is used as an indicator of soil quality. On the other hand, they consider the role that organic matter plays in the availability of water for plants and to reduce the effects of soil degradation.
Ayoubi et al. (2011)AYOUBI, S.; SHAHRI, A.; KARCHEGANI, P.M.; SAHRAWAT, K.L.: “Application of artificial neural network (ANN) to predict soil organic matter using remote sensing data in two ecosystems”, Biomass and remote sensing of biomass, 10: 181-196, 2011. in their research on the changes of quality indicators in different land uses due to the effect of soil degradation, based on a factor analysis and the communality values of the properties that explained the greatest proportion of the variance. , included sand content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and seawater.
The properties with the greatest weight are the most representative indicators in the factor analysis and are used to determine the SQI taking into account the premise of taking values greater than 0.60, which coincides with what was proposed by Mustafa (2023)MUSTAFA, A.: “Utilizing of principal component analysis and geographic information system approach for assessing soil quality index under different land uses: case study”, SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2): 41-53, 2023, ISSN: 2636-3801, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/svuijas.2023.210997.1285.. In this case the properties were: potassium (0.96), calcium (0.98), magnesium (0.855), sodium (0.799), total nitrogen (0.78), organic matter (0.74), electrical conductivity (0.743), phosphorus (0.68) and pH (0.65).
The graph of rotated factors (Figure 3) shows that for factor 1, which is the most important for extracting the greatest variability, once the Varimax rotation was carried out, they presented correlation values or positive loadings above 0.6, as is the case of phosphorus, organic matter, sodium, electrical conductivity and total nitrogen that appear forming a group on the right and positive part of the axis or factor 1, which suggests that increases in some of them induce increases in the same proportion the rest and vice versa.
They appear located on the left or negative part of the axis or factor 1, the variables negatively related to high loading values, this is the case of pH and potassium and indicates that increases in the soil of the positively related variables produce decreases in the negatively related variables. related. For the first factor, calcium and magnesium, coarse and fine sand, silt, clay, and cation exchange capacity do not seem to have important loads.
These results are a sign that factor or axis 1 seems to be more associated with soil fertility and nutrient concentration. Variables with a high load in absolute terms on this factor, such as phosphorus, organic matter, sodium, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, pH and potassium, constitute indicators of the soil's capacity to support plant growth. Decreases in the pH values of this soil favor increases in nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
For factor two, with less importance than factor 1, to extract less variability, calcium with a positive charge and magnesium with a negative charge were important because they presented high loadings. With intermediate values for factor two were the cation exchange capacity positively and the coarse sand negatively the rest. The rest of the variables due to the value of their charge are not representative of the axis or factor two, which seems to be more related to the composition of cations such as calcium and magnesium, and suggests that a greater amount of coarse sand reduces the capacity cation exchange.
In the case of rice, the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil aligns with grain yield, while influencing plant architecture, which encompasses the number of panicles per unit area and the number of spikes per panicle (Perdomo et al., 1983PERDOMO, M.; GONZÁLEZ, F.J.; DE GALVIS, Y.; GARCÍA DURÁN, D.E.; ARREGOCÉS, O.; LEÓN, S.L.A.: “Los macronutrimentos en la nutrición de la planta de arroz [conjunto audiotutorial]”, 1983, Disponible en:https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/366ab9dd-cdc7-459a-b54a-10c3da83932d.). EC and OM also contribute significantly to the development and growth of the crop (Coitiño et al., 2015COITIÑO, L.J.; BARBAZÁN, M.; ERNST, O.: “Conductividad eléctrica aparente para delimitar zonas de manejo en un suelo agrícola con reducida variabilidad en propiedades físico-químicas”, Agrociencia (Uruguay), 19(1): 102-111, 2015, ISSN: 2301-1548.).
In the case of calcium and magnesium, both positioned in the same factor, in contrast they can be attributed to the different functions that these elements play in the soil. On the one hand, calcium actively participates in the formation of soil aggregates, contributing to the general structure of the soil. In contrast, magnesium has been found to reduce the percentage of stable aggregates and decreases the amount of clay that acts as a cementing agent in the soil. Furthermore, the presence of magnesium negatively affects the porosity of the aggregates (Villazón et al., 2017VILLAZÓN, G.J.A.; MARTÍN, G.G.; COBO, V.Y.: “Análisis multivariado de las propiedades químicas de los suelos pardos erosionados”, Centro Agrícola, 44(1): 56-62, 2017, ISSN: 0253-5785.).
Choudhury & Mandal (2021)CHOUDHURY, B.U.; MANDAL, S.: “Indexing soil properties through constructing minimum datasets for soil quality assessment of surface and profile soils of intermontane valley (Barak, North East India)”, Ecological Indicators, 123: 107369, 2021, ISSN: 1470-160X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107369. have used the same soil quality indicators as part of their analysis of the minimum data set. These researchers have recognized the fundamental nature of this analytical approach in the field of precision agriculture, as it facilitates more efficient and targeted soil management practices.
The descriptive statistics of the values obtained in the determination of the SQI for the study area dedicated to rice cultivation are shown below. The calculated value for the SQI-MDS averaged 0.43, with minimum (0.27) and maximum (0.81) values recorded. Regarding the coefficient of variation, the observations showed low values because they were less than 40% (Table 9).
Soil Quality Indicator (SQI) | |
---|---|
Medium | 0.43 |
Mínimum | 0.27 |
Maximum | 0.81 |
Variation coefficient (%) | 35.99 |
Standard error | 0.02 |
Standard deviation | 0.16 |
This result is in line with the results described by Guo et al. (2018)GUO, S.; HAN, X.; LI, H.; WANG, T.; TONG, X.; REN, G.; FENG, Y.; YANG, G.: “Evaluation of soil quality along two revegetation chronosequences on the Loess Hilly Region of China”, Science of the Total Environment, 633: 808-815, 2018, ISSN: 0048-9697, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.210., who observed a similar range of variation in their research, establishing a benchmark for classifying values that fall within the range of 7.0% > SQI ≥ 55.0%. These results serve to highlight the inherent variability in soil quality that exists in the study area, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive evaluation.
The indicators selected for the SQI-MDS through this tool allow an effective evaluation of soil quality in the study area. These indicators have also been used in other studies, which underlines their importance in precision agriculture (Buji et al., 2022BUJI, I.B.; NOMA, S.; ENIOLORUNDA, N.; HAYATU, N.G.; MANASSEH, E.A.; UMAR, G.; SHARU, M.B.; TALHA, I.Z.; MAGAJI, M.; ADAMU, I.: “Using Different Methods of Land Suitability Evaluation for Rice Production (Oryza Sativa) in Rabah District of Sokoto State Nigeria”, Journal of Science and Engineering Research, 2(2): 29-46, 2022, ISSN: 2786-9873.). The calculated SQI-MDS value, together with the observed coefficient of variation, serves to highlight the inherent variability in soil quality within the study area.
On the other hand, the spatial distribution of the soil quality index, which has been determined for evaluating rice cultivation, is illustrated within the specified study region using a minimalist approach to data analysis. Furthermore, this method used a reduced set of data points to obtain complete and reliable information on the soil quality index in a given area.
Figure 4 reveals that a significant part of the region shows a homogeneous characteristic in terms of soil suitability, specifically in the southern section with predominant values between 0.27 and 0.39 of SQI, which are classified as Very Low suitability for 69% of the total area. In the central zone of the area, the greatest variability of SQI values is reflected with classes between Low and Moderate (13% of the area) with an index that ranges from 0.45 to 0.61. Only in the North is there a High class zone, which represents 18% of the area under study. This difference in suitability could be attributed to anthropic action in the study area.
Conclusions
⌅A method is described for obtaining a soil quality index (SQI) using the obtaining of the minimum necessary properties and their relative weights. More than 60% of the area appears with low quality for rice cultivation.
The determination of the soil quality indicator for rice cultivation showed that the most important properties in the study are total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, organic matter and electrical conductivity. Each of the weights of the selected properties are greater than 0.60, which is why their use was superior to the rest of the determined properties