INTRODUCTION
⌅The poultry sector continues to grow and industrialize in many parts of the world due to the powerful drive of population growth, increasing purchasing power and urbanization processes. Advances in breeding methods have resulted in birds that serve specialized purposes and are increasingly more productive. This evolution has caused the poultry industry and the concentrated feed industry to rapidly increase in size, to concentrate around input sources or end markets and to become vertically integrated (FAO, 2022FAO: Revisión del desarrollo avícola, [en línea], Inst. FAO org., USA, 2022, Disponible en: https://www.fao.org/3/i3531s/i3531s.pdf.).
The United States of America is the world's largest producer of poultry meat (17%), followed by China and Brazil. In egg production, China ranks as the largest producer (38%), followed by the United States (7%) and India (7%). In 2020, poultry meat accounted for almost 40% of global meat production, while in the last three decades, global egg production has shown a 150% increase (FAO, 2022FAO: Revisión del desarrollo avícola, [en línea], Inst. FAO org., USA, 2022, Disponible en: https://www.fao.org/3/i3531s/i3531s.pdf.).
For the development of poultry production in the current context, food represents the highest cost in poultry production and the availability of these at a low price and with high quality is essential for poultry production to remain competitive and increase to meet the demand for animal protein (FAO, 2013FAO: Revisión del desarrollo avícola, [en línea], Inst. FAO org., USA, 2013, Disponible en: https://www.fao.org/3/i3531s/i3531s.pdf.).
The Cuban government seeks to be self-sufficient in terms of the production of eggs and chicken meat, which, at present, it costs to import from abroad and does not meet the demand of the population. In Cuba, one thousand nine hundred million eggs are currently produced intensively, and two hundred million in an unconventional way, supported by the genetics developed in recent years, represented by the laying hen that is exploited industrially, and the semi-rustic and free-range chicken, used for alternative poultry farming, in turn reaching nine thousand five hundred tons of waste poultry meat.
In the specific case of the poultry system established at the “El Guayabal” University Farm, this production system is linked to the national electro-energy system, due to the impact of the same by the lack of fossil fuels, the implementation of solar energy (photovoltaic and thermal) is valued to generate heat, electric energy, so that this production system is sustainable, which is supported by the production of eggs from laying hens and free-range hens, as well as the fattening of turkeys (Cadena Avícola, 2023CADENA AVÍCOLA: Implementación de energías renovables en granjas avícolas: una solución sostenible y económica. Cadena Avícola y Porcina, [en línea], Cadena Avícola, 2023, Disponible en: https://cadenaavicola.com/implementacion-de-energias-renovables-en-granjas-avicolas-una-solucion-sostenible-y-economica/.).
At the international level, one of the main renewable energies used in poultry farms is solar energy (Smyth, 2012SMYTH, M.: “Solar photovoltaic installations in American and European winemaking facilities”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 31: 22-29, 2012.; Talavera et al., 2012TALAVERA, D.L.; NOFUENTES, G.; AGUILERA, J.: “The internal rate of return of photovoltaic grid-connected systems: A comprehensive sensitivity analysis”, Renewable Energy, 35(1): 101-111, 2012.; Rodes, 2017RODES, D.N.: Análisis técnico económico del uso de fuentes de energía solar-térmica y fotovoltaica en tipologías constructivas gran panel, Universidad de Holguín, Facultad de Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Tesis de Licenciatura, Holguín, Cuba, 2017.). Solar panels can be installed on the roof of farm facilities or on nearby land, and can provide electricity to meet the needs of the farm, another option is the use of solar heating systems to maintain the appropriate temperature in the facilities and in the birds (Cadena Avícola, 2023CADENA AVÍCOLA: Implementación de energías renovables en granjas avícolas: una solución sostenible y económica. Cadena Avícola y Porcina, [en línea], Cadena Avícola, 2023, Disponible en: https://cadenaavicola.com/implementacion-de-energias-renovables-en-granjas-avicolas-una-solucion-sostenible-y-economica/.).
Considering the aforementioned background, the objective of this research was oriented to determine the feasibility of introducing solar energy (photovoltaic and thermal) in the poultry system established at the “El Guayabal” University Farm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
⌅The "El Guayabal" University Farm, belonging to the Agrarian University of Havana (UNAH), is located at 23°00'12.5" North latitude, and 82°09'57.9" West longitude in the municipality of San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque province, Cuba. The soil existing in it is classified as Typical Red Ferralitic Hernández et al. (2015)HERNÁNDEZ, J.; PÉREZ, J.; BOSCH, I.; CASTRO, S.: Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba 2015, Ed. Ediciones INCA, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba, 93 p., 2015, ISBN: 978-959-7023-77-7. throughout its extension. It has a flat relief, height above sea level of 120 m and annual sunshine of 1825 kWh/m2. The meteorological variables recorded at the Tapaste Meteorological Station, San José de las Lajas, during the period January-September/2023, showed that the maximum temperatures reached in the region exceeded 32 ºC between the months of June to September and the coldest dropped on average to 21.1 ºC in January. Precipitation increased from June onwards, with the highest average values in May and August at 72 and 77 mm, respectively. Relative humidity varied between 47% (minimum in March) and 84% (maximum in September), while wind speed reached a maximum value of 3.6 km/h during the month of August. The behaviour of these climatic variables allows for the successful development of poultry production. The facilities include a poultry production system, which is made up of three production areas. One of these areas is used for egg production using White Leghorn laying hens. This area has a maximum capacity of 2,872 animals. Another is the area for turkey production, the capacity of which varies depending on the time of year: 1,500 animals (summer) and 3,000 animals (winter), and finally the area for free-range hens, also intended for egg production, with a capacity of 700 animals.
Table 1 shows the data obtained regarding the movement of animal mass in the poultry production system during the observation period.
Mov. of Flock | Initial Existence | Final Existence | Animals/day | Mass Average kg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Egg-laying hens Leghorn White | 2872 | 2872 | 2872 | 1,40 |
White turkeys of wide chest | 3000 | 1500 | 2250 | 6,50 |
Country hens | 700 | 700 | 700 | 2.20 |
In the system of production poultry study object, for their operability, they are used a group of energy payees, those that are related in the Table 2.
Means energy consumers (Quantity) | Power, kW | Time of Operation , h | Consumed energy / day , kWh/day |
---|---|---|---|
System of production of hens White Leghorn | |||
Tubes LED 20W (10) | 0.20 | 14 | 2.80 |
Tubes LED 40W (18) | 0.72 | 14 | 10.08 |
System of production of turkeys of wide chest | |||
Tubes LED 20W (79) | 1.58 | 14 | 22.12 |
Extractor I (1) | 0.01 | 24 | 0.24 |
Extractor II (1) | 0.02 | 24 | 0.48 |
Heater III (1) | 0.01 | 24 | 0.24 |
Heater IV (1) | 0.03 | 24 | 0.72 |
0.06 | 24 | 1.44 | |
0.03 | 24 | 0.72 | |
Heater V (1) | 0.15 | 24 | 3.60 |
System of production of country hens | |||
Tubes LED 40W (10) | 0.40 | 14 | 5.60 |
For the establishment of the specific methodologies for the sizing of the photovoltaic system and of the solar heater, they are considered the basics outlined for (Morejón et al., 2022MOREJÓN, M.Y.; TORRICO, A.J.C.; MORENO, M.V.; ABRIL, H.D.A.: Fundamentos para la introducción de las fuentes de energía renovables en sistemas agropecuarios. Caso de estudio: Introducción de biodigestores en fincas pertenecientes al departamento Cundinamarca, Colombia, Depósito Legal: 4-1-4299-2022 p., Publicado en: La Paz-Bolivia, por el Instituto Agrario Bolivia, con el sello editorial CienciAgro, 2022, ISBN: 978-9917-9928-0-6.).
Methodology for the sizing and installation of photovoltaic panels
⌅To determine the energy that should give the photovoltaic installation, they must consider you the losses that the batteries, the investor and the drivers involve.
To calculate the half daily (Emdn) consumption of the installation one will keep in mind the consumption half real critic of the load (Emd) and not the half consumption for constant loads neither the number of inventories.
where: : Consumption half real critic of the load, kWh; : Efficiency of the batteries; : The investor's efficiency; : Efficiency of the drivers.
If it is not had meter-accountant in the investigation scenario, it is possible to determine the energy demand by means of the rising of the means and electric teams located in the area study object, being determined the power (N) of each one of them and the daily (To) time of operation, with these two parameters you can determine the energy consumed daily () in the installation, that which you can determine by means of the following expression:
where:
N: Power of the teams and electric means, kW;
To: Daily time of operation, h.
Sizing of the photovoltaic generator
⌅For the determination of the number of solar required panels, it is possible to use the approach based on the estimate of the consumption of Amperes-hour of the installation Hernández (2007)HERNÁNDEZ, L.: “Sistemas fotovoltaicos ¿Autónomos o conectados a la red?”, Revista Energía y tú, 38, 2007., León et al. (2021)LEÓN, M.J.A.; MOREJÓN, M.Y.; MELCHOR, O.G.C.; ROSABAL, P.L.M.; QUINTANA, A.R.; HERNÁNDEZ, C.G.: “Dimensionamiento de un parque solar fotovoltaico para el Centro de Mecanización Agropecuaria (CEMA)”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 30(4), 2021, ISSN: 1010-2760, e-ISSN: 2071-0054., being the daily required half consumption of current:
where: : Voltage of the batteries.
Likewise, according to Alonso (2011ALONSO, J.A.: Manual para instalaciones fotovoltaicas autónomas, [en línea], Ed. Boletín Solar Fotovoltaica Autónoma, SunFieldsEurope ed., España, 2011, Disponible en: www.sfe-solar.com.; 2017)ALONSO, J.A.: “Cálculo de instalación. Manual para instalaciones fotovoltaicas autónomas”, Era solar: Energías renovables, 197: 6-15, 2017, ISSN: 0212-4157., the current that should generate a photovoltaic reception field in the most critical month in solar (IGFV) radiation is determined as:
where: : Hours of sun pick of the most critical month, h.
Then, the (IGFV) current generated by the photovoltaic (the total of solar installed badges) reception field, is divided among the unitary current of each photovoltaic (IMOD) module, the total of necessary modules is obtained connected in parallel:
where: : Unitary specific current of each photovoltaic module, A.
Sizing of the system of accumulation
⌅As to Mascaros (2015)MASCAROS, V.: Instalaciones generadoras fotovoltaicas, Ed. Ediciones Paraninfo, S.A, Madrid, España, 296 p., 2015, ISBN: 978-84-283-3724-3., for the calculation of the number of batteries required for a photovoltaic installation, they must consider you:
-
the time of autonomy wanted for the photovoltaic installation;
-
the depth of discharge seasonal maxim of the batteries;
-
the depth of discharge daily maxim of the batteries.
According to Alonso (2011)ALONSO, J.A.: Manual para instalaciones fotovoltaicas autónomas, [en línea], Ed. Boletín Solar Fotovoltaica Autónoma, SunFieldsEurope ed., España, 2011, Disponible en: www.sfe-solar.com., the nominal capacity of the battery in function of the maximum seasonal discharge is determined according to:
where: : Number of days of autonomy of the installation; : Depth of discharge seasonal maxim of the batteries; : Factor of total load of the batteries; : Nominal capacity of the battery in function of the maximum seasonal discharge, .
Likewise, the nominal capacity of the battery in function of the maximum daily discharge is determined according to:
where: : Depth of discharge daily maxim of the batteries; : Nominal capacity of the battery in function of the maximum daily discharge, .
After certain the nominal capacity of the batteries in function of the values of discharge stationary and daily maxim, takes that of more value and it is divided by the nominal capacity of current of one of the batteries, to obtain the number of these necessary one:
Sizing of the regulator and the investor
⌅To determine the capacity of the regulator, they must determine you the current to their entrance and their exit. So:
where: : Factor of security to avoid occasional damages to the regulator; : Number of branches in parallel; :: Unitary current of the photovoltaic module under short circuit conditions .
where: : Consumption maximum of the load; : Time of maxim demands of the load, h.
Mascaros (2015)MASCAROS, V.: Instalaciones generadoras fotovoltaicas, Ed. Ediciones Paraninfo, S.A, Madrid, España, 296 p., 2015, ISBN: 978-84-283-3724-3., he/she refers that for the determination of the investor's power required for the installation you proceeds according to:
where: Power of outburst, W
Alonso (2011)ALONSO, J.A.: Manual para instalaciones fotovoltaicas autónomas, [en línea], Ed. Boletín Solar Fotovoltaica Autónoma, SunFieldsEurope ed., España, 2011, Disponible en: www.sfe-solar.com. it outlines that many of the appliances and teams that have motors have current picks in the outburst. It supposes it that these devices, in the moment of the outburst, will have a demand of more power that the nominal one, in occasions of until 4 or 5 times more than the one foreseen. Hence, it is convenient to consider in the investor's sizing, the effect of the picks of the outburst of the motors whenever it is necessary to guarantee a satisfactory operation of the installation.
When a solar photovoltaic park is used he/she is taking advantage in an efficient way a clean, renewable and sure energy. Being contributed directly in the reduction of causing gases of effect hothouse of the climatic change, and he/she improves in a significant way the quality of the air, since it diminishes the use of fossil fuels significantly. Product to the ones exposed it becomes necessary to know how much it is stopped to consume in fossil (avoided monthly number of kWh of electricity and yearly) energy with the implementation of this solar photovoltaic park (Canvi Climatic, 2011CANVI CLIMATIC: Guía práctica para el cálculo de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), Inst. Oficina Catalana del CanviClimatic, Comisión Interdepartamental del Cambio Climático, Barcelona, Espña, 2011.).
Starting from the use of these solar photovoltaic parks certain quantity of electric power is saved reason why in one month:
where: : Days that he/she has one month.
Being the energy saved in one year:
For the determination of the cost of the energy saved in one year, that settled down by Bolaños (2021)BOLAÑOS, M.: “Resolución 66/2021, Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba”, Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba, 2021., was considered, where the electric rates settle down in Cuban (peso) pesos for the collection of the electric service. In the specific case of the system of rates for high tension with continuous activity, specifically the one that responds to the energy consumed during the schedule of the day. Being the cost of the energy saved in one day:
where:
a, b: Coefficients to apply according to the rate (1,5282 and 0,7273 respectively) type, peso/kWh;
K: Factor of adjustment of variation of the price of the fuel;
Q cdía : Energy consumption in one day, kWh / day.
In a similar way, you can determine the cost of the energy saved in one year according to:
where: : Energy consumption in one year, kWh/year
Methodology for the determination of solar heaters
⌅To determine the quantity of solar heaters that you/they should settle, it becomes necessary to know the consumption of water that it demands the installation through the following expression:
where: : Norm of consumption of water, L / animal; : number of animals in the flock or people in the housing; : percentage of occupation of the location,%.
In Cuba the solar half radiation per day, in the months of November to February, is 4200 kcal/m2; being this period of smaller heatstroke in the year. A heater of tubes to the hole of 200 L of capacity, it can give, I lower these conditions, around 300 daily L of hot water at 50ºC.
It is valid to point out that this technology can also favor to the family that resides in the cattle scenario, where in general, in the specific case of the Cuban families, these they have customs of carrying out alimentary several activities throughout the day, (considering breakfast, lunch and food) more the hot water to scrub the china, with a norm of 20 L for person with a temperature of 55ºC (Bérriz & Álvarez, 2014BÉRRIZ, L.; ÁLVAREZ, M.I.: Manual para el cálculo y diseño de calentadores solares, Ed. Editorial Cubasolar, La Habana, Cuba, 2014, ISBN: 978-959-7113-36-2.; Aguilera, 2021AGUILERA, P.G.: “Aspectos prácticos de las instalaciones de calentadores solares”, Eco Solar, 76: 9-20., 2021.). The demand of hot water of a location you can determine according to:
where:
: Norm of consumption of hot water, L/person or L/animal;
Knowing the quantity of water that it demands a location, you can calculate the quantity of necessary heaters to satisfy the necessities of the same one, according to the expression:
where: : Quantity of water that he/she gives a heater with a certain heatstroke, L/day.
According to Canvi Climatic (2011)CANVI CLIMATIC: Guía práctica para el cálculo de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), Inst. Oficina Catalana del CanviClimatic, Comisión Interdepartamental del Cambio Climático, Barcelona, Espña, 2011., to determine the energy that demands to heat the water (QC) to use, it is needed to keep in mind the jump of temperature, of 15 ºC to 50 ºC, so:
where: : 3,6 × 106 J/kWh; m: mass of water, kg; : specific heat of the water, 4187J/ºC×kg; : initial temperature, ºC; : final temperature, ºC.
With the use of these teams of heating of water certain quantity of electric power is saved reason why in one month (QCM):
where: : days that he/she has one month.
Being the energy saved (QCA) in one year:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
⌅Technician-economic valuation of the introduction of the solar photovoltaic energy under the conditions of the system of poultry production
⌅For the realization of the proposal of a solar photovoltaic system in areas of the system of poultry production, they are considered the solar panels marketed by the Cuban company COPEXTEL. The technical corresponding data are shown in the Table 3.
Parameter | Specification |
---|---|
Power pick of the module under standard conditions, | |
Maximum voltage of the module, | |
Current of short circuit of the module, | |
Current unitary maxim of the module, | |
The investor's yield | |
Yield of the drivers | |
Yield of the batteries |
Also, the batteries Trojan was selected whose technical data are shown in the Table 4
Parameter | Specification |
---|---|
Depth of Discharge Seasonal Maxim, | |
Depth of Discharge Daily Maxim, | |
Yield | |
Voltage, | |
Current capacity, |
For this proposal one also kept in mind the investor that COPEXTEL markets, with a power 20 bigger% to the defendant for the team.
In this case it is not considered the employment of a regulator of pursuit of the maxim point it develops the photovoltaic systems that include it, since they constitute systems that improve the efficiency of the installation between 10 and 25%. The fundamental problem of these regulators resides in its high cost for facilities of small and medium behavior. In the case of the proposal, for the energy volume to generate would require a regulator of great capacity with capacity of pursuit of the maxim point it develops that would elevate the total cost of the installation at least in 30 and 40 more alone% for this concept.
Parameter | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Half daily consumption in the whole installation | 50,28 | |
Daily half consumption of current in the whole installation | 52 92 | |
Current that should generate the photovoltaic field in the critical month of solar radiation | 10 584,4 | |
Total of solar panels | 160 | |
Total of photovoltaic modules | 40 | |
Required area | , m2 | 124,24 |
Energy to take place with the photovoltaic system | 1 192,7 | |
Investment Cost | 487 026.21 | |
For systems of hens Leghorn White | ||
Half daily consumption of the installation | 15,06 | |
Daily half consumption of current | 15 842 | |
Current that should generate the photovoltaic field in the critical month of solar radiation | 3 168,4 | |
Total of solar panels | 44 | |
Total of photovoltaic modules | 11 | |
Required area | , m2 | 33,31 |
Energy to take place with the photovoltaic system | 319,77 | |
Investment Cost | 130 576.6 | |
For systems of production country hens | ||
Half daily consumption of the installation | 0,65 | |
Daily half consumption of current | 688 | |
Current that should generate the photovoltaic field in the critical month of solar radiation | 137,6 | |
Total of solar panels | 20 | |
Total of photovoltaic modules | 5 | |
Required area | , m2 | 14,48 |
Energy to take place with the photovoltaic system | 139,03 | |
Investment Cost | 56 772.41 | |
For systems of production of turkeys | ||
Half daily consumption of the installation | 34,57 | |
Daily half consumption of current | 36 392 | |
Current that should generate the photovoltaic field in the critical month of solar radiation | 7 278,4 | |
Total of solar panels | 96 | |
Total of photovoltaic modules | 24 | |
Required area | , m2 | 76,45 |
Energy to take place with the photovoltaic system | 733,90 | |
Investment Cost | 299 677.2 |
* peso: he/she refers to the national (MN) currency, it is considered the rate of change 25 MN = 1 USD
Parameter | Dear value |
---|---|
Left electric power of consuming, kW/day. | 42,44 |
Saved electric power, kWh/year. | 99 046,18 |
Mass of left CO2 of emitting to the atm, t//year | 1 591,5 |
Mass of fossil fuel to produce electricity, t//year | 79,2 |
As it is evidenced in the Table 6, for concept of reduction of the fossil fuel not required for the production of the electric power and the mass of CO2 emitted to the medioambiente the economic and environmental feasibility of the introduction of the photovoltaic system it is demonstrated in the investigated system of poultry production.
Technician-economic valuation of the introduction of the solar thermal (heaters and solar dryers) energy under the conditions of the system of poultry production
⌅For the determination of the technology of solar heaters under the conditions of the system of poultry production of the Farm "Guayabal", one kept in mind the quantity of heaters that you/they should be used for the correct sanitation of the workers.
Before proceeding to the mentioned determinations, one should know the quantity of hot necessary (norm of consumption of water) water for workers, data that are reflected in the Table 7.
Cant. of workers | It demands of water for the sanitation Nc(H2O), L | % of occupation in the location |
---|---|---|
5 | 20 | 100 |
As you he/she can observe in the Table 7 in the system poultry study object it is necessary a total of 20 liters of hot water for the correct sanitation of the workers, being considered that you/they are five workers in that area, that which makes a total of 100 L/day.
For the realization of the proposal of heaters, those were used from tubes to the hole, since they are those more marketed in the country and their conditions are suitable for the productive scenario as you can appreciate in the Table 8
Capacity of the heater, (L) | Give from hot daily water to 50oC, (L/day). |
---|---|
200 | 100 |
Being already known the quantity of water defendant in the area (Table 7) and the supply of hot daily water of the heater (Table 8) he/she intends the introduction from a single heater of tubes to the hole which can satisfy the demand of hot necessary water in the scenario study object.
Save Potential Energy | |
---|---|
Electric power , kWh/day | 5,341 |
Electric power kWh/year | 1 949,465 |
Mass of left CO2 of emitting to the atm , t/year. | 200,29 |
Mass of fossil fuel to produce electricity t/year. | 0,97 |
To have a dear of the cost of the constructive process and of installation of the solar heater of tubes to the hole (without considering the manpower), in the Table 10 are related the materials required for the installation of the technology.
Materials | UM | Quantity | Price unitary, peso/u | Cost, peso |
---|---|---|---|---|
Module of solar heater | u | 1 | 6 000 | 6 000 |
Tank of 55 gallons | u | 1 | 2 500 | 2 500 |
Pipes for reception and conduction of the water | Accessories: Unions, elbows, cleaner and paste PVC, closing valves (the quantity varies in function of the distance) | 550 | 550 | |
Pipes for supply of water | Tubes of 13,75 mm (0,5”) (2): 5 m/cu | 300 | 600 | |
Total | 9 650 |
* peso: he/she refers to the national (MN) currency, it is considered the rate of change 25 MN = 1 USD
In the case of the technician-economic valuation of the employment of solar dryers it is not considered necessary this technology under the conditions of the poultry system, belonging to the University Farm "Guayabal", since in this productive unit it is focused in the production of eggs or meat and any type of food animal is not processed in the one that the solar drying is required.
As you he/she can observe in the Table 5 and 10, if it is considered the investment required for both technologies, which ascends at 487 026.21 peso, being reached a total value of 496 676.21 peso and this is analyzed in function of the production average of eggs that ascends to 252 units/day and the price of the egg is equivalent to 2.20 peso/unit, then it is possible to collect 554.4 peso/day (16 632 peso/month), for what is possible to collect annually an I mount of 199 584 peso, this way it is demonstrated that the total investment is possible to recover it in a 2,5 year-old period.
CONCLUSIONS
⌅-
The proposed theoretical-methodological foundations made it possible to determine the feasibility of the introduction of solar energy (thermal and photovoltaic) in the conditions of the poultry production system of the “El Guayabal” University Farm.
-
Starting from the energy-productive diagnosis of the system of production poultry study object, it was determined that with the installation of a hybrid system conformed by a photovoltaic isolated system and a solar heater, it could cover the energy demand of the scenario.
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It was determined that the installation of a solar dryer doesn't proceed; because it is not required of the drying or dehydration of agricultural productions for the feeding of the poultry species that you/they settle down in this scenario.
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The total (installation and assembly of a block of photovoltaic isolated panels and a solar heater) investment recovers in a 2,5 year-old period