INTRODUCTION
⌅During the last 30 years in Mexico, the hegemonic economic policy worldwide and its implementation exacerbated the problem of food sovereignty and security, accentuated by the economic recession due to the Covid19 pandemic. An alternative solution to this problem is based on the production of vegetables for urban-peri-urban family self-sufficiency, using automated vertical agriculture modules, which are being applied in “San Juan Raboso” Community, Izúcar Municipality of Matamoros, Puebla.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), approximately one third of the food produced worldwide for human consumption is wasted annually. (Kosai, 2013KOSAI, T.: “Eficiencia en el uso de recursos del sistema de producción de planta cerrada con luz artificial: concepto, estimación y aplicación a la planta de fábrica”,: 447-461, pp.446-461, 2013, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2183.; FAO, FIDA, OPS, WFP y UNICEF, 2018FAO, FIDA, OPS, WFP Y UNICEF, O.: Panorama de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en América Latina y el Caribe, Ed. Country/Territory: Latin America and the Caribbean, Licencia: CC BY-NC-SA, N.13, ed., Santiago de Chile, Chile, 150 p., 2018, ISBN: 978-92-5-133665-6.; Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2020BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO: Panorama de las administraciones públicas América Latina y el Caribe 2020, Ed. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020, ISBN: 92-64-87463-1.). As a way to reduce the consequences of resource waste, a new form of agricultural cultivation was created, consisting of automated vertical modules, which are placed inside greenhouses and which must be designed to guarantee their functionality. These modules require electric or diode lamps (LED), air conditioners, fans, CO2 and nutrient supply units (Kosai, 2013KOSAI, T.: “Eficiencia en el uso de recursos del sistema de producción de planta cerrada con luz artificial: concepto, estimación y aplicación a la planta de fábrica”,: 447-461, pp.446-461, 2013, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2183.), and it is necessary to guarantee the physical integrity of both, these components and the structure and cover of the greenhouse itself, considering the diversity of the loads to which it will be subjected, composed of the self-weight of the structure and its components, the possible blow of high intensity winds and the weight of the crop, among others.
It is in this sense that the objective of this work is to carry out an analysis of the stresses and deformations that occur on this type of structure, in order to evaluate its resistance to the load system to which it may be subjected.
For the analysis, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used, which is widely applicable in structural analysis. (Agudelo-Manrique et al., 2015AGUDELO-MANRIQUE, D.A.; ARMAS-RÍOS, V.S.; RADILLO-LÓPEZ, J.M.; TORREBLANCA-IRIARTE, E.: “Diseño de un sistema para el monitoreo de un invernadero”, 2015.; Toledo-Freire, 2015TOLEDO-FREIRE, A.: “Diseño de edificios altos por cargas de viento”, Publisher: Quito/PUCE/2015, 2015.; Besa-Gonzálvez y Chuliá, 2016BESA-GONZÁLVEZ, A.; CHULIÁ, F.J.: Diseño de máquinas, Ed. Editorial de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, España, 2016, ISBN: 84-9048-530-5.; CFE-México, 2017CFE-MÉXICO: Manual De Diseño De Obras Civiles. Diseño Por Viento, Inst. Comisión Federal De Electricidad (CFE), México D. F., 2017.; González et al., 2017GONZÁLEZ, M.H.; RODRÍGUEZ-MUÑOZ, N.A.; ESCOBEDO-BRETADO, J.; MARTÍN-DOMÍNGUEZ, I.: “Diseño y simulación de un invernadero asistido con energía renovable para Durango”, Revista de Innovación Sistemática, 1(1): 33-45, 2017.; Faires, 2018FAIRES, M.V.: Diseño de elementos de máquinas, Ed. Editorial Limusa, 4ta ed., México D. F., 2018, ISBN: 968-18-4207-3.; Ortiz-Domínguez et al., 2018ORTIZ-DOMÍNGUEZ, M.; CRUZ-AVILÉS, A.; MUÑOS-SÁNCHEZ, Y.: “Diseño de máquinas”, Ingenio y Conciencia Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior Ciudad Sahagún, 5(9), 2018, ISSN: 2007-784X.; Vanegas-Useche, 2018VANEGAS-USECHE, L.V.: Diseño de elementos de máquinas, Ed. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Publisher: Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira p., 2018, ISBN: 958-722-301-2.).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
⌅The work process for the analysis of the structure consists of three fundamental steps: preparation of the digitized three-dimensional model of the structure, determination of the loads and application of the Finite Element Method based on the application of the loads on the digitized model.
The loads to be applied are made up of:
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The loads associated with the own weight of the metal structure of the cultivation house.
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The loads produced by the plastic covers and anti-aphid protection elements.
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Loads produced by weather conditions (winds, hail).
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The loads associated with the own weight of the crop, the object of production in the greenhouse.
Weight of the Metal Structure (PEM)
⌅The calculation of the weight of the object of study is determined as:
Where:
being:
The volume of the structure is obtained automatically from the software used in its digitization (SolidWorks), while the density value is taken from the materials library of the software itself.
Weight of Covers and Meshes (FCM)
⌅The weight of the cover and includes: the weight of the plastic that covers the overhead window (PPVC), the weight of the plastic of the upper arch on the left (PASIZQ), the weight of the plastic of the minor arch on the right (PAMDER), the weight of the plastic of the side curtains (PPCL), the weight of the plastic that covers the front (PPFP ) and the weight of the anti-aphid meshs (PMAA).
To determine the weight of the plastic covers, the technical specifications (Table 1) established by the Izucar de Matamoros Community are used.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Plastic | milky white |
Caliber | 720 |
Density | γp =0.19 kg/m2 |
Shade percentage | 30 % |
Protection | UV |
The weight of the plastic that covers the overhead window (PPVC) is determined according to the expression:
being:
where:
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M(T): roof window plastic mass l, kg
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A: cross-sectional area of zenith window, m2
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γπ: density per unit area of plastic, kg/m2
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g: acceleration of gravity; g = 9.81 m/s2
The area of the zenith window is determined by the expression:
where:
The weight of the plastic of the upper arch on the right (PASder ) is determined according to the expressions:
where:
area of the upper arc to the right, given by:
where:
length of upper right arc; length of the greenhouse;
The weight of the plastic that covers the front is determined according to equation (9) and depends on the amount of metal structures in the greenhouse.
where:
The weight of the anti-aphid mesh ( ) is determined by equation (10) .
where:
density per unit area of the anti-aphid mesh material; g: acceleration of gravity; anti-aphid mesh area:
where:
: anti-aphid mesh length; anti-aphid mesh width;
The aerodynamic loads produced by the wind are determined taking into account the standards and specifications for studies, projects, construction and installations: (ASCE, 2005ASCE: “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures: SEI∕ ASCE 7-05”, En: Ed. ASCE Reston, Va, 2005.; NIFED-México, 2011NIFED-MÉXICO: “Normas y especificaciones para estudios proyectos construcción e instalaciones”, Habilidad y funcionamiento, 4, 2011.; NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013, 2013NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013.; INIFED-México, 2017INIFED-MÉXICO: Normas y Especificaciones para Estudios Proyectos, Construcción e Instalaciones, Ed. Instituto Nacional De La Infraestructura Física Educativa (INIFED), vol. 4 Tomo III, Diseño Por Viento, Seguridad Estructural, México D. F., 2017.).
The load of wind effects (qi), on the section of the metallic structure or component thereof, object of analysis, is determined by the general expression:
where:
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basic wind pressure, kN/m2
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recurrence coefficient
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topography or site coefficient
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height coefficient
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blow coefficient
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reduction coefficient per exposed area
-
shape or aerodynamic coefficient
The basic wind pressure is determined by:
where:
V10: regional speed, which is defined as the maximum wind speed that occurs at a height of 10 m above the location of the structure, for conditions of flat terrain with isolated obstacles (m/s).
The loads qi (kN/m2), are determined in the different sections of the greenhouse, such as: the lateral structure on the left (q3izq ); the lateral structure on the right (q3der ); the portion of the left structure of the lower arch (q1 ); the portion of the right structure of the lower arch (q2 ) and the portion of the upper arch structure (q1sup ).
The strengths Fi (kN) resulting in each section of the greenhouse as a result of the aerodynamic action of the wind, are determined based on the loads qi , considering the corresponding areas Ai (m2) of each section.
The force Fgr (kN) due to the mass of hail in the gutters, is determined according to the MEXICAN STANDARD NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013 (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013., which establishes as a base 30 kg per linear meter in the gutter.
To calculate the force applied on the structure due to the weight of the crop Pc (kN), the tomato is selected and it is determined according to the Mexican standard NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013 (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013., which allows considering tomato cultivation a heavy load, equivalent to 35 kg/m2..
The SolidWorks 2018 program is used for the 3D digital modeling of the greenhouse structure, as well as for carrying out the stress and deformation analysis using the finite element method. ASTM A-36 steel with density = 7850 kg/m3 and elastic limit σe = 250 MPa.
To carry out the resistance and deformation analysis, the digitized model of the structure under study is subjected to the calculated load system, applying the Finite Element Method (FEM) to determine the distribution of stresses and deformations. The calculation is carried out on a cross section of the tunnel of the metal structure, located in a corner of the greenhouse, considering that this section is subjected to the most severe loading conditions.
Results and discussion
⌅Figures 1 and 2 show the three-dimensional model of the metal structure of the greenhouse, as well as the section of the basic module.
The main geometric characteristics of the greenhouse are provided in Table 2.
Specifications | Magnitudes |
---|---|
Greenhouse width | 40 m |
Depth | 50 m |
Height to base of lower arch | 5 m |
Height to the base of the zenith window | 8 m |
Angle to the midline of the lower arch | 350 |
Angle to the midline of the arch of the zenith window | 600 |
Loads Associated With the Own Weight of the Metal Structure of the Cultivation House
⌅The weight of the metal structure (PEM) was determined using equation (1) , obtaining the volume of the structure section under analysis, directly as an output from the SolidWorks program and likewise, the density of the material was taken from the materials library of the software itself. As a result, the following values were obtained:
Loads Produced by Plastic Covers and Anti-Aphid Protection Elements
⌅The result of the calculation of the different loads due to the weight of the covers and meshes that act on the greenhouse structure is shown in Table 3.
Denomination | Symbol | Unit | Values | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight of the plastic of the overhead window | PPVC | N | 9 519,0 | Expressions 3 , 4 y 5 |
Weight of the plastic of the minor arch on the right | PAMder | N | 37,9 | Expressions 6 , 7 y 8 |
Weight of the plastic of the side curtains | PPCL | N | 34,6 | |
Weight of the plastic of the front curtain | PPcf | N | 402,0 | |
Weight of the plastic below the arches to the tutoring bar | PPDA | N | 21,9 | |
Weight of the plastic that covers the front part | Pcp | N | 26,5 | Expression 9 |
Weight of the Anti-aphid mesh | PMAA | N | 18,1 |
From the table, it can be seen that the weight corresponding to the plastic of the zenith window is the most significant, followed by that of the front curtain, while the rest have much lower values.
Loads Produced by the Meteorological Conditions (Winds, Hail)
⌅To calculate the aerodynamic loads, it was necessary to determine previously the coefficients contained in expression (12) . Table 4 shows the result of the determination, according to the standards, of the coefficients required for determining the aerodynamic loads.
Denomination | Symbol | Value | Observations |
---|---|---|---|
Recurrence coefficient | Ct | 1,0 | Useful life: 10 years Recurrence: 50 years |
Topography or site coefficient | Cs | 1,10 | Severe conditions |
Height coefficient | Ch | 1,0 | Open ground Greenhouse height ≤ 10 m |
Blow coefficient | Cr | 1,20 | Greenhouse height ≤ 10 m |
Reduction coefficient per area exposed | Cra | 0,90 | Exhibition area ≤ 50 m2 |
Coeficiente de forma o aerodinámico. | Cf | NMX-E-255-CNCP (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013. | |
Shape coefficient of the left-lateral structure | Cf3izq | 0,80 | NMX-E-255-CNCP (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013. |
Shape coefficient of the right-lateral structure | Cf3der | -0,43 | NMX-E-255-CNCP (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013. |
Shape coefficient of the lower-arch left portion | Cf1 | -0,325 | NMX-E-255-CNCP (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013. |
Shape coefficient of the lower-arch right portion | Cf2 | -0,40 | NMX-E-255-CNCP (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013. |
Shape coefficient of the upper-arch portion | Cf1sup | 0,30 | NMX-E-255-CNCP (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013. |
The result of the calculation of the aerodynamic loads acting on the greenhouse is shown in Table 5.
Denomination | Symbol | Unit | Values | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic pressure of the wind | q10 | kN/m2 | 0, 694 | Expression 13 . It is taken V10=120 km/h (33,3 m/s) |
Loading of the lateral structure on the left | q3izq | kN/m2 | 0,659 | Expression 13 ; Table 3 coefficients |
Loading of the lateral structure on the right | q3der | kN/m2 | - 0,354 | “ |
Load on the left-frame portion of the lower arch | q1 | kN/m2 | - 0,267 | “ |
Load on the right-frame portion of the lower arch | q2 | kN/m2 | - 0,329 | “ |
Load on the structure portion of the upper-arch | qIsup | kN/m2 | 0,247 | “ |
Strength on the structure portion of the upper arch | FVC | kN | 14,498 | |
Wind force in the lower arch | kN | -2,932 | ||
Strength in the right portion of the lower arch | kN | -35,153 | ||
Lateral strength in the left spine | kN | 5,794 | ||
Lateral strength in the right spine | kN | 2,382 |
For the calculation of the load caused by hail, the Mexican Standard was taken into account. NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013 (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013., which establishes for calculation purposes, taking as a basis, 30 kg per linear meter in the gutter. Table 6 details the specifications taken into consideration and the results of the calculation.
Specifications | Magnitudes |
---|---|
Distance between columns ; Dc | 3.57 m |
Hail mass, between two columns ; MGRC | 107.1 kg |
Weight of hail in gutter distributed in both gutters ; PGRC | 525.32 N |
Unit load of hail in the gutter ; Cc | 30 kg/m |
Loads Associated with the Crops Own Weight
⌅To calculate the own weight of the crop, the object of production in the greenhouse, tomato is selected, which according to the Mexican Standard NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013 (2013)NMX-E-255-CNCP-2013: Minimum Desing Loads for Buildings and other Structures (SEI/ASCE 7-05), México D. F., 2013., is considered of heavy load, equivalent to 35 kg/m2. The weight of the crop affects the metal structure of the greenhouse since it is fixed to the staking bar. The available area between 4 columns of the tunnel is equal to 32 m2, approximately, so the total load of the crop, including its fruits and the rest of the plant, will be equal to 1120 kg.
Stress and Strain Analysis
⌅Once the load system to which the greenhouse structure will be subjected was determined, an analysis of stresses and deformations was carried out in order to evaluate the resistance capacity of the structure to the system of faces applied. For this purpose, the digitized model of the structure under study was subjected to a static analysis, using the Finite Element Method, using the SolidWorks program.
Once the loads, restrictions, contact options and meshing of the structure were applied, the results were the stress distributions (Fig. 3), safety coefficient (Fig. 4) and displacements (Fig. 4) in the module of the structure under study.
Figure 3 shows that the maximum normal stress amounted to 95.2 MPa, being located at the intersection between the lower end of the zenith window rod and the lower arch of the tunnel, while the minimum normal stress (0.2 MPa) was recorded close to the intersection node between the load bar and the load post on the right of the tunnel.
Likewise, it was verified that this tension is lower than the elastic limit of the material (250 MPa), obtaining a minimum safety coefficient of 2.63, which is verified in Figure 4. This resistance safety coefficient is in the range permissible level established by the user (between 2.5 and 3.0), confirming that the structure is functional and safe.
Regarding the displacements, it can be seen (Figure 5) that the maximum displacement reached 46.11 mm, which, taking into account that the length of the element where it occurs is of the order of 8000 mm, can be considered insignificant. That guarantees that it will not cause physical-structural effects on the structure of the greenhouse, which limit its functionality.
CONCLUSIONS
⌅As a result of determining the load system that acts on the structure of a greenhouse, considering the loads of the structure's own weight, the covers, the weight of the crop itself and the effects of wind and hail, it is determined, by applying these loads to a digitized model of the greenhouse using the Finite Element Method, that the maximum normal stresses on the structure reach 95.2 MPa, for a minimum safety coefficient of 2.63 in relation to the elastic limit of the material that makes up the metal structure of the greenhouse. Likewise, a maximum level of displacement of 46.11 mm is determined, which is considered, not to limit the functionality of the structure.