As part of a project financed by the Ministry of Higher Education and the Center for Plant Biotechnology of the Central University of Las Villas, the Center for Agricultural Mechanization of the Agrarian University of Havana was commissioned to develop an equipment for classification of mini potato tubers obtained from tissue culture and propagated to produce potato seeds. This equipment was developed and installed in the mini tuber classification line of the Plant Biotechnology Center.
Initially, a bibliographic review was made on the cultivation of potatoes and other products with approximately spherical form and the models used. (Sablikov, 1978SABLIKOV, M.V.: “Fundamento de la teoría y el cálculo tecnológico”, En: Máquinas Agrícolas Parte II, Editorial KOLOS, Moscú, Rusia. URSS, pp. 285-286, 1978.; Mesemov, 1987MESEMOV, G.C.: “Development of elevator for potato harvester”, Transaction of ASAE, 28, 1987, ISSN: 2151-0032, e-ISSN: 2151-0040.; Paneque, 1988PANEQUE, R.P.: Transportadores en la Agricultura, Ed. Departamento de Ediciones del ISCAH, ENPES, primera ed., La Habana, Cuba, 276 p., 1988.; McGarry et al., 1996MCGARRY, A.; HOLE, C.; DREW, R.; PARSONS, N.: “Internal damage in potato tubers: a critical review”, Postharvest Biology and Technology, 8(4): 239-258, 1996, ISSN: 0925-5214.; Peters, 1996PETERS, R.: “Damage of potato tubers, a review”, Potato Research, 39(4): 479-484, 1996, ISSN: 0014-3065.; Minag-Cuba, 1997MINAG-CUBA: Instructivo Técnico para el Cultivo de la Papa, Ed. Minag-Cuba, Instituto de Investigaciones Hortícolas “Liliana Dimitrova”, Quivican, La Habana, Cuba, 1997.; Baritelle et al., 2000BARITELLE, A.; HYDE, G.; THORNTON, R.; BAJEMA, R.: “A classification system for impact-related defects in potato tubers”, American Journal of Potato Research, 77(3): 143-148, 2000, ISSN: 1099-209X.; Iglesias, 2002IGLESIAS, C.: Administración de las Máquinas Agrícolas, Ed. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo ed., vol. II, Chapingo Texcoco, Edo. México, 119-120 p., 2002.; Alvarado, 2004ALVARADO, A.: Maquinaria y mecanización agrícola, Inst. EUNED, San José, Costa Rica, 2004.; Buitrago, 2004BUITRAGO, G.: Determinación de las características físicas y propiedades mecánicas de la papa cultivada en Colombia, Inst. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia, 2004.; Bentini et al., 2006BENTINI, M.; CAPRARA, C.; MARTELLI, R.: “Harvesting damage to potato tubers by analysis of impacts recorded with an instrumented sphere”, Biosystems engineering, 94(1): 75-85, 2006, ISSN: 1537-5110.; Montesdeoca et al., 2006MONTESDEOCA, F.; MORA, C.; BENÍTEZ, B.; NARVÁEZ, P.: Manual de control interno de calidad (CIC) en tubérculo-semilla de papa, [en línea], Inst. INIAP, COSUDE, Papa Andina, Quito, Ecuador, 39 p., 2006, Disponible en:http://cipotato.org/es/sin-categorizar/manejo-del-tuberculo-semilla/#sthash. M1FIU1Pj.dpuf.; Polanco, 2007POLANCO, P.M.F.: Maquinaria y Mecanización Agrícola, Bogota, Colombia, 2007.; Escalona y Elorza, 2008ESCALONA, M.R.; ELORZA, P.B.: “Daños mecánicos en patata: evaluación mediante productos electrónicos”, Tierras de Castilla y León: Agricultura, (142): 94-100, 2008, ISSN: 1889-0776.; Ramos et al., 2010RAMOS, E.M.; BARREIRO, E.P.; MACÍAS, S.I.: “Daños mecánicos en patata y evaluación mediante productos electrónicos”, Revista Ciencias Técnicas Agropecuarias, 19(1): 18-23, 2010, ISSN: 1010-2760, e-ISSN: 2071-0054.; FAO, 2014FAO: Alimentar al mundo”, Anuario Estadístico de la FAO 2014 “La Alimentación y la Agricultura en América Latina y el Caribe”, Ed. FAO, Santiago de Chile, Chile, 90-100 p., 2014, ISBN: 978-92-5-308149-3.; López et al., 2017LÓPEZ, J.E.G.; CHAVEZ, J.C.; SÁNCHEZ, A.K.J.: “Modelado de una red de sensores y actuadores inalámbrica para aplicaciones en agricultura de precisión”, En: 2017 IEEE Mexican Humanitarian Technology Conference (MHTC), Ed. IEEE, pp. 109-116, 2017, ISBN: 1-5090-6450-8.; Infoagro, 2018INFOAGRO: Infoagro Systems, S.L., [en línea], Infoagro.com.Ingemecanica, 2018, Disponible en:http://ingemecanica.com/tutorialsemanal/tutorialn121.html.).
The versatility of this sorting machine makes it suitable for the classification of other agricultural products with a spherical or similar shape, among which are tomato, seed or consumption potatoes, various types of fruit, etc.
As a result, a mechanical-mathematical model and software were developed. They facilitate the adaptation of the design and regulation parameters of this machine for its use during the processing of other agricultural products.
Although at the international level, agricultural product sorting machines with different working principles are marketed according to Sablikov (1978)SABLIKOV, M.V.: “Fundamento de la teoría y el cálculo tecnológico”, En: Máquinas Agrícolas Parte II, Editorial KOLOS, Moscú, Rusia. URSS, pp. 285-286, 1978. and Paneque et al. (2018)PANEQUE, R.P.; LÓPEZ, C.G.; MAYANS, C.P.; MUÑOZ, G.F.; GAYTÁN, R.J.G.; ROMANTCHIK, K.E.: Fundamentos Teóricos y Análisis de Máquinas Agrícolas, Ed. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, vol. 1, Chapingo, Texcoco, México, 456 p., 2018, ISBN: 978-607-12-0532-2., it was considered convenient to facilitate the generalization of this machine developed in Cuba for the classification of different products.
For the calculation of productivity, the daily production of the machine (Q, kg/day) in which the classification service will be provided must be taken into account.
From this datum and the hours of work in clean time allocated to the daily service of the machine (T, h/day), the productivity of the equipment W (kg/h) is determined according to the expression:
Classification table parameters
The main parameters of the classification Table (Fig. 1) are:
The calculation and selection of these parameters will depend on the kinematic and dynamic relationships that occur during the tuber-sorting table interaction, and of course, the main physical-mechanical properties of the materials involved in the process will also intervene.
For the analysis, the free body of the tuber starts from its interaction with the conveyor belt (Figure 1).
The system of forces acting on the tuber consists of the weight force (m∙g , N), the normal reaction of the conveyor surface (N, N) and the friction force between the tuber and the conveyor belt (F, N). For the analysis of the dynamics of movement in the direction of the X-axis, it is assumed that the transported fruits roll on the surface of the conveyor belt in this direction. While in the direction of the Y-axis, it is assumed that the fruit is transported without relative slippage with the conveyor belt.
Applying Newton's second law in the direction of the X-axis, it is obtain:
Being
where
Rolling friction angle between the tuber and the conveyor belt (o).
x component of the absolute acceleration of the tuber in its movement on the conveyor belt, m/s2
The normal reaction N is given by:
Substituting 4 and 3 into 2 and grouping together the acceleration in the X direction it is obtained:
Since g, α and ∅r are constant, a uniformly accelerated movement in the X direction will be obtained, and the velocity in X (Vx) and the X coordinate can be calculated as follows:
In the direction Y, the tubers move at constant speed, together with the conveyor. The acceleration, speed and displacement in this direction being given by:
The evaluation of these expressions will allow calculating, based on the knowledge of the physical-mechanical properties of the tubers, the different parameters under study. For this evaluation, a program was developed in Mathcad 2000 Professional, whose description is shown below.
The input parameters to the program are:
The coordinates of the tuber drop point on the conveyor belt: (xo, yo);
The angle of transverse inclination of the conveyor belt: α;
The rolling friction angle of the tuber with respect to the conveyor surface: ∅r;
The acceleration of gravity: g;
The components of the speed of fall according to X and Y: Vx , Voy;
The linear speed of the conveyor belt: Vt (m/s).
As output parameters of the program, the components of the acceleration, speed and displacement of the tubers on the conveyor belt as a function of time are obtained, which makes it possible to obtain, graphically or tabulate, the trajectory of the tubers in the X coordinate system, X,Y .
Figure 2 shows the output graphs of the program, where the trajectories corresponding to different angles of friction, productivities and speeds of the conveyor belt can be seen.
The linear speed of the conveyor belt (Vt) is determined from an analysis of load and capacity of the machine. For the analysis, it is considered that, to achieve satisfactory quality in the classification process, the tubers must be lined in a single row at the entrance to the gates so that there is no agglomeration of the product (Figure 3).
The number of tubers aligned per linear meter of the conveyor belt in the longitudinal direction (Y-axis) is given by:
where l: is the average length of the tubers, m.
The tuber flow per second will be:
The mass flow (processing capacity) will be given by:
where: is the average mass of the tubers, kg.
On the other hand, the load of the machine (productivity in clean time) is known:
To obtain an optimal operating regime, it is necessary to equalize the load with the capacity, from which it is obtained:
Clearing the expression to calculate the speed of the conveyor belt is obtained:
Other parameters to be determined, such as α, B and the dead space Lo, are determined by evaluating the program with successive runs. The dimensions of the gates L1, L2 and L3 are determined based on the probability distribution of frequencies of the classes to be classified. The product properties required for the evaluation of the equations, such as ∅r , Pe and l are determined experimentally.
The regulation of the opening h of the gates is also determined on the basis of the standard dimensions for the classes to be classified, taking into account the consideration of a small opening angle in the direction of the longitudinal axis to avoid blocking of the tubers against the contact line of the gates.
The angle β (Figure 4) of the evacuation channels of the classified tubers is determined according to the condition:
Some screenshots during the program run for a specific case study are shown below.
A mechanical-mathematical model is developed that makes it possible to calculate the main design and regulation parameters for agricultural product classification machines that use a conveyor belt with a transverse inclination;
The model is complemented by software, developed in a Mathcad 2000 Professional environment, which facilitates the quick execution of the calculations.